Behavioral Genetics and Human Personality

People do possess certain behaviors that make us unique from one another. People do vary in their behavior or the way we think, feel and act. The complexity of human behavior and understanding its nature has been the main interests of those studying behavioral genetics. We all know that if we inherit our physical attributes with our parents we also inherit their behavior which we call genotypes.We are also aware of the role of the society, culture or the environment in shaping one’s behavior. Which of the two then exerts the greatest influence in our life? In order to identify which really molds human behavior a family studies, adoption studies and twin studies where conducted. In these three settings the siblings are compared with their shared and non-shared experiences. The environment provides the child with care, education and other experiences.People differ in many ways in terms of intelligence, mental states, social ability, self-concept or self-esteem, attitudes, belief s and preferences. Genetics versus environment can also be called nature versus nurture in shaping behavior. The debate between the two tries to challenge the fact that genotypes or the nature of a person’s behavior can be altered by the environment or the inherited traits will remain the same and control the person no matter how strong the influence of the environment.Suicidal tendencies and anti-social behavior for example are studied if it is inherited or purely environmental. In my own opinion the behavior could depend upon the individual’s personal adjustment or resistance to the environment that can create a difference in our behavior. Work Cited Haimowitz, Avi. Heredity versus Environment: Twin, Adoption and Family Studies. November 2005. Rochester Institute of Technology: Great Ideas in Personality 4 June 2009

Military Operations

The role of the officer in the armed forces is to provide leadership for all operational commands. Military officers are expected to command the managerial, executive, scientific and technical centers of high-level military operations. In the U. S. Army, the officer will command a fort or a brigade. In the Navy, he or she will command a ship, submarine, or aircraft squadron. In the Air Force, officers command space shuttles or engineering, airlift wing, medical staff, or logistics centers. In the Marines, they command operations and training, plans and budget, or enlisted processing stations. In the Coast Guard, they can be chief of training, executive officers, or public affairs; or commanding officer of a cutter. Being all that you can be means performing any number of tasks. Whichever of the five branches of the United States Armed forces (Army, Navy, Marines, Air Forces, or Coast Guard) you choose to join, prepare yourself for more than a buzz-cut and target practice. Officers are leaders, organizers, strategists, and managers whose duties entail enormous responsibilities. Each branch of the armed forces has particular tasks. The Army is in charge of land-based defense initiatives. The Air Force supervises space and air defense. While the Navy flies the flag upon the seas, the Marine Corps provides them with land support. The Coast Guard plays a dual role. In peacetime, it works for the Department of Transportation, controlling access to American shores. The moment war breaks out, the Coast Guard works alongside of the Navy. Some of the responsibilities inherent in a chosen military career are obvious, such as running a nuclear submarine or commanding a platoon of demolition specialists. Less obvious, but just as important, are he various clerical and managerial tasks that are essential to the smooth operation of our national defense and international peacekeeping. Because of military officers' versatility, training, and skills, they are valued in the civilian world. Many former officers find themselves in great demand at some of America's largest corporation. Department of Transportation, controlling access to American shores. The moment war breaks out, the Coast Guard works alongside of the Navy. Some of the responsibilities inherent in a chosen military career are obvious, such as running a nuclear ubmarine or commanding a platoon of demolition specialists. Less obvious, but just as important, are the various clerical and managerial tasks that are essential to the smooth operation of our national defense and international peacekeeping. Because of military officers' versatility, training, and skills, they are valued in the civilian world. Many former officers find themselves in great demand at some of America's largest corporation Pay and benefits are based on rank and cumulative years of service. For example, the newly commissioned Second Lieutenant or Ensign can expect on average a base salary of 26,000 per year. Further, this salary is augmented by allowances for living quarters, subsistence, and various hazardous duty incentives. For example, in the U. S. Navy an officer's salary can be supplemented by either sea pay, submarine pay, or aviation pay, depending on the career path. Overall, the armed forces offer a salary structure that is competitive with private industry. The perks include extensive travel and health-care benefits, as well as family-oriented services like day care, job security, and a decent pension after a relatively short career. Of ourse, the gratitude our nation shows its soldiers cannot be left out of the package. Benefits available to members of the armed forces compare favorably to those in the civilian work force. Some examples are opportunities for highly advanced training and education with full salary, early high-level management responsibilities, medical and dental care, 30 days of paid yearly vacation, moving allowances, shopping privileges at exchanges and commissaries, membership affiliation with officer clubs, a dynamic retirement program, and fringe benefits that offer long-range security for both career.

In the Name of Identity Summary

In Amin Maalouf’s book â€Å"In the Name of Identity† Maalouf emphasizes that we should not judge people on one singular identity. He argues that, â€Å"Identity can’t be compartmentalized. You can’t divide it up into halves or thirds or any other separate segments. I haven’t got several identities: I’ve got just one, made up of many components in mixture that is unique to me, just as other people’s identity is unique to them as individuals. † The essence of Maalouf’s argument is that one should not define another based solely on a singular component of their identity but rather their identity as a whole.In chapter one, Maalouf suggest that, â€Å"†¦ People commit crime nowadays in the name of religious, ethnic, national, or some other kind of identity. † Massacres, racial discrimination, and holocausts have all been done in the name of defending a single component of ones identity. Maalouf makes a valid point when he writes, â€Å"What’s known as an identity card carries the holder’s family name, given name, date and place of birth, photograph, a list of certain physical features, the holder’s signature and sometimes also his fingerprints. Proving that society as a whole selects individual components of their identity to define themselves. According to Maalouf, identity is defined as,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A number of elements, and these are clearly not restricted to the particulars set down in official records. Of course, for the great majority these factors include allegiance to a religious tradition; to a nationality – sometimes two; to a profession, an institution, or a particular social milieu. But the list is much longer than that; it is virtually unlimited. † Maalouf celebrates the fact that identity is extremely complex.Each person has a single identity, although each identity is made up of many components, causing not one to be the same. In chapter two Maalouf tries to examine his own identity. Maalouf claims he is not trying to find one singular part of his identity to define himself but rather find instances that define him. Maalouf admits, â€Å"As you may imagine, my object is not to discover within myself some essential allegiance in which I may recognize my self. Rather the opposite: I scour my memory to find as many ingredients of my identity as I can. Throughout chapter two Maalouf goes into great detail about what defines him. He clearly states that it is not one component, for instance coming from an Arab background and being a Christian. He does not deny himself of either identity, but instead embraces them both. Maalouf claims that the more allegiances one has the rarer one’s identity is. He clearly states, â€Å"Every one of my allegiance links me to a large number of people, But the more ties I have the rarer and more particular my own identity becomes. Towards the end of chapter two he claimes society gene ralizes and puts individual components of ones identity and judges them based solely on that single component. Maalouf complicates matters further when he writes, â€Å"We blithely express sweeping judgments on a whole peoples, calling them â€Å"hardworking† and â€Å"ingenious,† or â€Å"lazy,† â€Å"touchy,† â€Å"sly,† â€Å"proud,† or â€Å"obstinate. † He claims that these judgments often lead to bloodshed. In chapter three maalouf states, â€Å"Identity isn’t given once and for all: it is build up and changes throughout a person’s lifetime. The essence of Maalouf’s argument is our identity changes over time and different components are added everyday, changing our identity as a whole. He gives a great example of an African baby born in New York, compared to if it was born in Lagos, Pretoria, or Launda. The child would have completely different experiences by the age of 10, and each experience would drasti cally change its identity. Maalouf also argues that people view themselves by the allegiance that is most threatened. Thus, the reason Maalouf believes killers are made.He argues that, â€Å"We have only the events of the last few years to see what any human community that feels humiliated or fears for its existence will tend to produce killers. † It his human nature to defend one’s self when feeling threatened. Maalouf agrees when he says, â€Å"There is a Mr. Hyde inside each of us. What we have to do is prevent the conditions occurring that will bring the monster forth. † In conclusion Maalouf urges us to prevent our selves from generalizing each other based on a single component of one’s identity. He argues that this will prevent wars, murders, and holocausts.

School Food Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School Food Programs - Essay Example As the report declares inadequate food supply can be addressed through the subsidizing of the food supply and ensuring that the institution gets into a contract with other nongovernmental organization that can be willing to deliver food on a low-cost basis. Fruits and vegetable consumption rates are low therefore a concrete solution to this problem need to be addressed. This is through the subsidizing of the cost of fresh fruits and vegetables. Additionally the most important solution would be sensitizing the school kids on the health benefits that fruits and vegetable consumption has to the body. Fruits and vegetables are a very good source of vitamins that are very good for the growth of kids. From the essay it is clear the long-term health impact of canned foods such cancer should be highlighted to the kids. The high cancer cases can be blamed on these processed and canned foods. Therefore, such campaigns can be very effective in deterring canned food consumption. Cooking contests are a very good way of inspiring kids to acquire a passion in cooking which can deter them from getting the urge to consume junk foods. The poor income that has resulted from food sales can be addressed through promotion and use of free samples as a way of attracting customers. The local authorities would be required to subsidies the farm inputs so that the farming cost is subsidized this will ensure that the small-scale farmers have the ability to extensively farm.

Sun Yat Sen and Democracy in China - Indispensable to each other Dissertation

Sun Yat Sen and Democracy in China - Indispensable to each other - Dissertation Example With these ideas in mind Sun set out with the task of materializing his ideas of establishing democracy in China. Commonly recognised as the â€Å"Father of Modern China† Sun was successful in neutralizing the power of the Qing dynasty and was elected as the President of the Republic of China and later became the forerunner of the Nationalist Party in China. The paper focuses on the elaboration of contributions that Sun Yat-Sen made in China for establishing democracy. The prime agenda is to seek an answer to what extent was Sun successful in establishing democracy in China. The paper is disintegrated into several segments in order to critically analyze and reach optimal inferences 1. Introduction Sun Yat-Sen (1866–1925 AD), also known as the ‘Father of Modern China’, was an ardent advocate of constitutional democracy. A Chinese thinker, political leader, and a medical practitioner, Sun-Yat-Sen is renowned for his contribution in the collapse of Chinaâ€⠄¢s two thousand years old autocratic imperial system. Sun Yat Sen’s philosophy was motivated by the modern western culture and he tried to incorporate in China the very characteristics of the same along with the traditional Chinese tradition at its base in order to make China competitive on the global platform. Majority of Sun Yat-Sen’s constitutional thought was built on blocks of ancient Chinese political philosophy with regionalized Oriental political tradition, which might not be easy for outsiders to understand. Considerable volumes of works by Sun Yat-Sen influenced heavily the governmental structure of Republican China between 1928 and 1949. Sun’s prescribed models of democracy were a true... Majority of Sun Yat-Sen’s constitutional thought was built on blocks of ancient Chinese political philosophy with regionalized Oriental political tradition, which might not be easy for outsiders to understand. Considerable volumes of works by Sun Yat-Sen influenced heavily the governmental structure of Republican China between 1928 and 1949. Sun’s prescribed models of democracy were a true mixture of distinctive cultural norms of the East and the West (Chiyeung Ip, 2008: 1-2). With a combination of the Western elements and Oriental theory of constitutionalism, Sun Yat-Sen’s philosophy provides valuable information and solution for problems of the liberal democratic policy faced by the other countries .The policies address the domination of the ‘best marketed’ politicians of â€Å"low-caliber† over the best statesmen; the powerless state of the electorate and also the difficulties faced in the promotion of democratic and socio-economic reforms together. But at the same time he is criticised for the blending of Confucian political ideas (Chinese ethical and philosophical systems developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius) with liberal democratic elements. Considering the criticisms, SunYat-Sen sometimes have been regarded as illogical and disorganised (Chiyeung Ip, 2008: 8).

Spending a Single Day at the Beach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spending a Single Day at the Beach - Essay Example Located on Padre Island, Texas, the longest barrier island in the world, the beach area near Bob Hall Pier is unique in its ability to both relax and excite at the same time. This is because of its soft white sands, its range of surprising wildlife and an element of danger. The beach near Bob Hall Pier is first characterized by very fine white sand. This sand is generally very soft and very fine, almost like dust, thanks to the high winds the area often gets. This fine sand drifts across the roadways in beautiful, wave-like sheets that give the invisible breeze a face. Anything standing within this blowing dust receives a fine ash-toned coating. It brings with it the faint taste of salt from the nearby ocean and leaves a gritty feeling between the teeth. Because the sand is so fine, it causes no pain when it strikes, feeling instead like a soft brush of feathers against the skin. Only when the wind is particularly brisk does it feel any different. Taking a closer look at the scenery reveals all kinds of surprising wildlife in spite of the barren appearance. Seagulls are present everywhere, but the gulls here are called ‘laughing gulls’ because of the unreserved laughing sound that is their call. There are also sandpipers and other shorebirds stomping their orange stick-like legs like jackhammers against the wet sand trying to find the eerie white ghost shrimp hiding just below the surface. Sand crabs can be sung out of the ground and sit patiently listening like a human audience in an amphitheatre until someone makes a sudden move. Then these small, light-brown colored crabs scuttle quickly into their dark holes. The thick, green railroad vines make the reason for their name clear in the criss-crossing tracks they make on the sand and can add a splash of vibrant purple color to the beach atmosphere.

International Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Management - Case Study Example Some of the specific challenges associated with the apparel industry include child labor, poor working conditions, and the existence of sweetshops. Back in the late 1990’s Nike suffered a big blow to its reputation when the media found out the firm was doing business with companies that sponsored sweetshops. It is also important for companies doing business in foreign countries to help out the community in which they operate. Helping out the community will help the company gain the support of the local people and its governmental institutions. Discuss the meaning and implications of the statement by a Nike representative that â€Å"consumers are not rewarding us for investments in improved social performance in supply chains.† The statement made by the Nike representative implies that the media does not report the good actions of companies such as Nike. They prefer to run stories about companies that are not acting in a socially responsible manner than to publish storie s about the efforts of Nike which is a firm that is fighting to stop foreign suppliers from abusing the civil rights of its workers. The statement also implies that in many consumer marketplaces acting in an ethical manner does not provide a firm with a competitive advantage due to the presence of many companies that are acting in an irresponsible manner. ... Some of the most important stakeholder groups that the company must satisfy include customers, government, suppliers, lenders, community, and the environment. What is meant by â€Å"leadership beyond borders†? â€Å"Leadership beyond borders† means finding people who can see across borders created by others, such as the borders of their job, and reach across such borders to engage others in dialogue and action to address systemic problems. Such a leader is a person that is educated in the cultural matters of another country. Learning and adapting to a different culture is imperative towards the success of leaders in foreign countries. Corporations must provide training and development in cultural matters to all its supervisors and managers. Is it possible to have â€Å"a compatibility of profits with people and planet†? Whose responsibility is it to achieve that state? Companies can utilize a social responsibility strategy to enhance the profits of the enterprise . In today’s competitive global environment firm’s that have strong CSR programs can differentiate themselves from the competition. An example of a company that has increased its market share to become its industry leader utilizing sound CRS principles is Starbucks Cafe. Starbucks Cafe sources all its coffee utilizing fair trade coffee practices. Fair trade coffee practices guarantee a price of $1.26 per pound. It also provides farmers with technological transfers and financing assistance. Kelly’s Assignment in Japan Explain clashes in culture, customs, and expectation that occurred in this situation Kelly was given a new job assignment in Japan in order to land an

Mobile Banking Factors why consumers are resisitng the new technology Essay

Mobile Banking Factors why consumers are resisitng the new technology - Essay Example Hence, better technology will lead to quicker and more enjoyable mobile transactions. This report focuses on the customer response to mobile banking in California, US. Through one-on-one interviews with 100 young consumers (ages ranging from 15 to 25 years old) the nature of consumer resistance to mobile banking is explored and explained. This strategic report also offers a hopeful examination of the future prospects of mobile phone banking applications in California. Mobile banking represents a daring and emerging innovation with currently relatively low usage rates among American consumers. However, this segment is expected to have a high usage rates in the future with the implementation of improved features by the service providers. The first applications of mobile banking were implemented in the mid-nineties which enabled bank customers to make payments and request account balances via mobile phone as an SMS service. However, compared to Internet banking in developed countries, mobile banking adoption rates in developed and developing countries have been rather low and slow. When mobile phone banking was first launched in the US market in mid-2002, the US consumers had a lukewarm response to the new technology during that time. Only a few percentage of the customers were open to mobile phone banking. ... 9.2.1. Mobile Banking Questions 14 List of Tables 1. Introduction Mobile banking represents a daring and emerging innovation with currently relatively low usage rates among American consumers. However, this segment is expected to have a high usage rates in the future with the implementation of improved features by the service providers. The first applications of mobile banking were implemented in the mid-nineties which enabled bank customers to make payments and request account balances via mobile phone as an SMS service. However, compared to Internet banking in developed countries, mobile banking adoption rates in developed and developing countries have been rather low and slow. When mobile phone banking was first launched in the US market in mid-2002, the US consumers had a lukewarm response to the new technology during that time. Only a few percentage of the customers were open to mobile phone banking. Approximately, only 4% of US online consumers with a mobile phone use a feature of mobile banking. Another 5% of the consumers were interested, however, the remaining 72% of the customers were not interested at all. (Meyer, Thomas, 2007) 1.1. Background of the StudyMobile phone banking did not have a great beginning in the US banking market. For instance, the Wells Fargo shut down its mobile phone banking offering in 2002 give a skeptic response from the bank customers. In addition, Forrester Research found out that only 10% of American consumers indicated that they would consider mobile banking, versus the 35% or so who already bank online. The customer resistance for mobile phone banking has been persistent. A common reason for this is that the bank customers are conservative and security conscious with respect to their money. These

Ethics paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics paper - Essay Example Thus, considering working in a highly collaborative team as well as peer review is strongly recommended as it helps in protecting the data from potential falsification. Researchers must rationalize each step in their study and provide reasonable answers to questions when needed. Being open to discuss any concerns and issue that are addressed by activist side by side, will avoid halting the study (Bennett, 2010). The main objective of a research is to comprehend the unique contributions of each member of the team from the word go, effective communication, and the willingness to share any findings or an idea with the other team members. This helps in avoiding conflicts of interest and consequently study failure. Researchers should keep in mind all the research ethics so as to ensure a smooth and successful study. First, any respondent should be free to accept or decline to participate in a research question. Soliciting respondents with gifts such as money so as to participate in the research is also unethical. A non-voluntary consent such as, giving the participants money to enroll them in the study is unethical and considered as coercive (Moodly, 2007). Where the information might be sensitive, respondents views should be confidential, and anonymity can be another

Young Australians Are Facing an Obesity Crisis Research Paper

Young Australians Are Facing an Obesity Crisis - Research Paper Example Young people of Australia may be highly affected as they are emotional eaters and love to consume high caloric food items. On the other hand, the genetic tendency to become overweight can increase the obesity level of the body. A limited proportion of several fundamental hormonal issues, such as insulin resistance or polycystic ovaries can also increase the likelihood of extra weight gain (Smith, 2011). The individuals or young people may find it difficult to reduce their extra weight due to the above-mentioned aspects and tendencies. Beer is one of the popular alcoholic drinks among the young Australians. Excessive glycerol ingredients within the Australian beer are another reason behind this rising obesity level. Obesity is referred to as one of the critical and dangerous medical conditions. According to the medical science, obese or overweight can create several complexities in the bodies of the young people in near future. High cholesterol, fatty liver, health-wise, orthopedic problems, heart disease, diabetes, menstrual irregularities, difficulty in losing extra weight, shortness of breath and long-term infertility are the major risk factors for the young people of Australia. In addition, high obesity has several crippling and negative emotional side effects that can hamper the mental states of young people. Overweight is the major consequence of obesity. Overweight can reduce the self-esteem level of a young individual. All teenagers and young people try to maintain their physical fitness compared to the others. Overweight can prevent the young people to consume attractively and well-fitting clothes. Moreover, the obese individuals cannot eat and drink freely and comfortably among their f riends or associates (Miller, 2007). Most importantly, the individuals can feel that they are socially excluded due to their overweight and obese. Low self-esteem level can force a young person to become a pessimist.  Ã‚  

CBS news program Essay Example for Free

CBS news program Essay The broadcast news source that I watched was the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric, which was a half hour evening broadcast. Couric sat behind a desk, facing the viewer the entire time. The top stories on this broadcast were the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the Kansas City tornadoes, and the â€Å"Make or Break† mission in Afghanistan. Each story received about five minutes of airtime. Couric narrated statistics of how much oil has leaked and the length of coastline that has been affected in Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico while live footage showed clean-up efforts taking place along the coast. The story was made relatable for the viewer by explaining that the amount of oil spilled is enough to cover all of New York City. It was lent credibility by an on-site reporter and correspondent that interviewed both local residents involved in the clean-up and with experts working to stop the oil leak. There was no attention paid to the source of the leak or to anyone being held responsible for the accident. The story about the tornadoes in Kansas City featured footage from a resident’s video camera of the funnel cloud approaching, along with local news footage of the damage to local homes and businesses. Couric, the on-site correspondent and a representative from the National Weather Service delivered their news in professional, almost formal tones. This gave the program the feel of being informed, but somewhat impersonal. The only statistics given were the death rate numbers, and the story ended by stating that more tornadoes were headed toward the area. Couric’s coverage of the â€Å"Make or Break† mission taking place in Afghanistan was the third top story. It discussed the efforts to reclaim the city of Khandahar from the Taliban and gave background information into previous operations in the war between the United States and the Taliban. In-depth explanations were given of where the US troops will go and what they will do. A correspondent reporting from the Pentagon made the story seem more credible, even as he explained President Obama’s reasoning behind the troop surge. The cable news source that I viewed was Fox News on the Fox News Network. It was hosted by Shepard Smith. This was also a half hour evening news broadcast. The top three stories on the show were the Kansas City tornadoes, the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the theft of a memorial cross for World War I veterans from a Mojave Desert monument. Air time for each top story was about five minutes, similar to Couric’s program. Shepard Smith delivered all of his dialogue standing and was positioned at various spots throughout the broadcast, as opposed to Couric who stayed seated. There were fast graphics, upbeat background music, and a news wire line across the bottom of the screen delivering more headlines during the top stories, all features not included in the CBS broadcast. The story about the Kansas City tornadoes lasted about five minutes. In included local news footage shot by a Kansas City news program, an in-studio commentator and weather expert that discussed the tornado system with Smith, and footage of local survivors describing what they had seen and heard and detailing the damage to their personal property. Statistics about deaths and injuries were given, and the segment ended with Smith saying that another storm system was on its way. When discussing the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Smith delved deeper into the Capital Hill investigation of BP, Transocean, and Halliburton in the attempt to determine which company was responsible for the accident. There was also more attention given to the tanker explosion that caused the accident and there was mention of the crew that died in the explosion, information that was not included in the CBS news program. This made the Fox coverage of the oil spill seem more informed and more personable. It was made more personable by Smith’s opinion that someone should be held accountable. The story about the World War I monument being stolen seemed more of a human interest story, and it was interesting that this was made a top story on the program. In discussing the theft of the monument that had stood in the Mojave Desert since 1934, Smith talked with a veteran that was coordinating an effort to have the monument recovered along with a legal correspondent that explained the ongoing debate over whether the monument should be allowed to be erected in the spot in the first place. Overall, the basic layout of the programs was the same. Each top story was given about five minutes of air time and each featured on-site correspondents, experts, video footage, and interviews. The Fox News broadcast was made more engaging with more music, a host that moved around and stood while he spoke, offered jokes and offhanded opinions about the news stories, and in-studio correspondents to discuss them. The CBS broadcast was more serious and toned-down, with Couric being the only correspondent in the studio, tamer graphics, and no news wire. I feel that both proved ample credibility with their straightforward delivery of the facts. But I feel that the Fox News broadcast was more personable and relatable because instead of just showing footage of what’s happening right now like the CBS program did, Fox’s program gave more background information and opinions from more individuals to help the viewer understand the issues and the stories better. Similarities were evident for the basic purpose of news delivery, but the differences occurred because of a different attitude towards the viewer.

Evidence Based Practice Essay Example for Free

Evidence Based Practice Essay The institute of Medicine has set a goal that by 2020, 90% of all health care decisions will be evidence based (Mazurek et al. , 2009). On entering the words Evidence Based Practice into the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature( CINAHL) database in December 2012, the amount of articles to be found by the author of this assignment was 5694. It could be said that this shows the importance of evidence based practice in todays world of nursing. In 2012, the words accreditation, in private health care settings, Health Information and Quality Authority ( H. I. Q.  A) standards, in the public sector and indeed Clinical Governance are spoken every day! Cranston (2002) stated that for the organisation, clinical governance lies at the heart of quality assurance and that clinical governance is linked to clinical effectiveness which is the goal of evidence based practice. Inevitably as a result of this all health care professionals are required to use evidence based practice in their every day working lives. Thus promoting accountability and quality patient care. However we must ask ourselves is there a down side to all this evidence based practice? What is wrong with the way we always did things? As already stated above it is a necessity for all health care professionals to use evidence based practice, however for the purpose of this assignment the author will concentrate on the nursing profession, looking at how the use of evidence based practice is important for the patient, the nurse and finally the organisation. On the other hand the author will also look at the barriers of evidence based practice for nurses. The methodology used is that of a literature review on evidence based practice in nursing. In addition a S. W. O. T. analysis was undertaken by the author looking at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and also the threats to evidence based practice. At the outset it is important to firstly look at what evidence based practice is. It has been defined as the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients (Sackett D. L, 1996) In addition it is further described as the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values (Sackett, 2000). On speaking about Professor Archie Cochrane, Barker ( 2010) stated that he argued there was a need to ensure treatment was delivered in the most effective way and to ensure that available evidence was used (p. 5). The dictionary definition of evidence is a â€Å"grounds for belief or disbelief; data on which to base proof or establish truth or falsehood† (Collins 1998) So where you may ask do we obtain this evidence? Well the range of different sources of evidence that can inform practice includes personal reflection, journal articles, policies, guidelines, reports and professional consensus, as well as research and audit. However, the literature generally implies research is the strongest form of evidence (Dale, 2005). So why is it important to use evidence based practice to the nursing profession? For this section the author has divided it into three; the patient, the nurse and finally the organisation. Improvement in the quality of care received by the patient. The Department of Health and Children (2001) stated that improving quality in the Irish Healthcare system requires the implementation of internationally recognised evidence based guidelines and protocols. Furthermore Craig and Smyth (2007) stated that the main aim of evidence based practice is to obtain the best outcomes for patients by selecting interventions that have the greatest chance of success cited by Leufer and Cleary-Holdforth (2009). Every working day a nurse carries out daily duties; a bed bath, medication administration, mobilising patients post joint replacement, and many more, the list is endless; but how does the nurse know that what he or she is doing is the best way to do it and indeed perhaps what he or she is doing may be impeding the healing for the patient. Evidence based practice has been demonstrated to yield improved patient outcomes ( Killeen and Barnfather, 2005). Recent research carried out on the use of anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of post operative development of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following a total knee or total hip replacement surgery, showed the effect of the anticoagulants appears to be influenced by the time of initiation of coagulation more than the effect of the drug itself. (Salazar, et al. , 2011). Therefore it can be said that the previous practice of commencing the anticoagulant post operatively is not the best for the patient. Indeed commencement pre operatively greatly reduces the risk of developing a deep venous thrombosis or a pulmonary embolism, thus improving the patient outcome. When evidence is used to define best practices rather than to support existing practices, nursing care keeps pace with the latest technological advances and takes advantage of new knowledge developments. ( Youngblut and Brooten 2001). Accountability and Ongoing Education for the nurse as a practicing professional. In addition to the before mentioned benefit to patient outcomes another strength to evidence based practice is that to the nurse as a professional. The Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Ireland states that each registered nurse is accountable for his or her own practice An Bord Altranais ( 2000). In order for the practicing nurse to be accountable for his or her practice he or she must be able to substantiate the decisions they have made on a foundation of professional expertise which clearly includes using relevant evidence to inform practice (McSherry, et al. 2006) Nurses and midwives form the bulk of the clinical health workforce and play a central role in all health service delivery (Buscher, et al. , 2009). Therefore it could be said that nurses can improve the quality of healthcare provided to their patients if they were to use the best evidence based practice. Moreover by carrying out evidence based practice the nurse is maintaining and improving his or her knowledge continuously. Therefore increasing his or her confidence while carrying out his or her daily nursing duties, as he or she is confident that the care he or she is administrating is based on researched findings. Furthermore in their article on a Spirit of Inquiry Melnyk et al. stated that findings in some studies indicated that when nurses engage in evidence based practice, they experience greater autonomy in their practices and a higher level of job satisfaction. This is of huge importance in these difficult times of staff shortages, cost saving and unfortunately emigration. There is a need to retain the nurses that we have and indeed job satisfaction goes a long way to aid this retention. The Organisation: Finally in this section the author looks at the organisation as a beneficiary of evidence based practice. Leufer et. al (2009) stated that evidence based practice is highly relevant in a social and healthcare environment that has to deal with consumerism, budget cuts, accountability, rapidly advancing technology, demands for ever-increasing knowledge and litigation. Furthermore in the USA there is a system where health care follows a business model, it is imperative for organisations to provide the best care based on the best available evidence to attract customers. (Fitzsimmons Cooper, 2012). This indeed could also be said for the healthcare system in Ireland at present, with the increasing demands on health care facilities either public or private to show that they are compliant with strict standards of care. Furthermore some of the many health insurance providers in Ireland will not continue to provide cover to the private hospitals if they do not hold an accreditation award. Moreover as has been seen in recent years H. I. Q. A. ill without a doubt close down healthcare facilities if they do not show themselves to be compliant with the H. I. Q. A. standards. It could be said that the best way to ensure obtaining and retaining these standards is through the use of evidence based practice. As already mentioned in the introduction clinical governance is also of paramount importance in todays hospitals; Sale 2005 stated that achieve clinical governance, organisations are expected to set and monitor standards that are evidence-based. as cited by Dale (2006). In addition in these highly litigious times, an organisation that uses internationally approved evidence based practice could perhaps be less likely to attract litigation cases. However if such a case were to arise the organisation could successfully defend itself, again if it is providing care which is of international best practice standard. Finally in relation to the benefits of evidence based practice to the organisation it could perhaps be claimed that evidence based practice may lead to a change in practice; as a result of said change, indeed cost saving may occur. For an example of this the author would again like to refer to the afore mentioned study on anticoagulants, if the use of the anticoagulant preoperatively is to reduce the risk of developing thrombosis, this in turn will lead to a reduction in hospital length of stay, when no thrombosis occurs, thus in the long term introducing a cost saving to the organisation. However, even with all the benefits of evidence based practiced as already discussed, throughout the literature review, it was difficult for the author not to discover the weaknesses, or indeed the pitfalls to the use of and the implementation of same. Lack of understanding! Perhaps one of the main barriers to evidence based practice is indeed the very lack of understanding of what it is! Evidence based practice is a well known concept, yet practitioners appear to lack knowledge of the principles that underpin it (Dale, 2006). It could be said that definitions of evidence in nursing are very broad, Is it literature review? Is it clinical expertise? Is it nursing knowledge? Is it nursing theory? Is it local? Is it organisational? As evidence based practice is a relatively new phenomenon to the profession of nursing, only really being born in the 90s, there are a lot of nurses trained before this time who do not understand the concept of evidence based practice. This in turn perhaps leads to another pitfall of evidence based practice! Conflict between professionals: There may indeed be a lack of team effort in implementing evidence based practice in the work place. As previously mentioned the old fashioned trained nurses may not understand what evidence based practice is and may feel that I have always done it this way or youre only qualified what would you know Resistance to change is very common in all areas of life. The extent to which different healthcare professionals work well together can affect the quality of the health care that they provide. If there are problems in how healthcare professionals communicate and interact with each other, then problems in patient care can occur. (Zwarenstein, et al. , 2009). In addition there may interdisciplinary conflict as a result of nurses carrying out evidence based practice. As already mentioned above in the research carried out by Salazar, et al. in 2011, it is of more benefit to administer anticoagulant therapy pre total hip or total knee replacement; however the nurse does not prescribe these medications and perhaps he or she may not feel they have the autonomy or authority to propose this or indeed even show the consultant or the anaesethist these findings. There could be a perceived lack of authority to change practice on reflection of research findings Medical disinterest is a significant barrier to evidence-based standards (Sams, et al. , 2004) Unfortunately it would appear from the authors own experience that some surgeons still see the nurses as only nurses. Therefore the nurse may feel this is a waste of time. Speaking of time this leads onto another pitfall in the use of evidence based practice. Time Constraints: In these times of cost savings, high staff turn over, emmigration and staff shortages, there may be a perceived lack of time to carry out any research or data. It can be said that staff work hard and perhaps they feel as if research is not part of their job, as it is not spelt out in the their job description. However as discussed earlier it is the responsibility of every registered nurse is accountible for his or her own practice. In addition it could be said that in this nday and age nurses feel that they do too much writing and have less time for hands on care therefore they feel that they really do not have the time for researching data. Because we are so busy doing the real work of caring for patients in the operating room, it is hard to even contemplate activities that would result in more work! We often believe we dont have the time, that our energies are better directed toward patient care, and that research is something to be conducted by academics; (Knoll Leifso, 2009). If however the time was made available, another question to be asked is; Is there the library facilities available? Lack of study facilities or library facilities: Yes if perhaps the nurse works in a teaching hospital then it could perhaps be presumed that there would be very good library and research facilities to hand to aid in research. However in some organisations there may be a lack of resources to support changing practice to reflect research findings (Hewitt-Taylor, et al. , 2012). However not all hospitals are teaching hospitals, so where does the information come from. In an ideal world the organisation would provide such facilities, however what if there is a: Lack of Organisational Support: Is there managerial support provided? Do management understand the process and the importance of the process for the organisation? Is there a cost involved to the organisation? If there is going to be a change in practice will it be cost effective. Is there organisational readiness to change?

Community Based Correctional Systems Criminology Essay

Community Based Correctional Systems Criminology Essay Community corrections is an umbrella phrase, which includes everything from intermediate punishments to pre-trial diversion. A community correctional system includes any non-incarcerative, but supervised way of handling offenders who have already been convicted or who are facing conviction. Parole and probation are the most renowned forms of community corrections, but the phrase also includes: electronic monitoring, home confinement, work release, day fine programs, restitution, halfway houses, check-in programs, community services, community based correctional facilities and curfews. In Ohio, community corrections refer to a system of particular facilities, which provide non-residential and residential services to a convicted offender. A good example of a community based correctional system in Ohio is the Western Ohio Regional Treatment and Rehabilitation Center (W.O.R.T.H. Center). This paper will attempt to cite the strength and weaknesses of the W.O.R.T.H. Center. I will also exp lain whether or not this system serves the community better than institutional correctional systems. Discussion The W.O.R.T.H. Center, just like other community based correctional systems in the United States, receives funds from the state, but, it is based in and operated by the local community in Ohio. In addition to this, this center is a male and female community based correctional facility, which houses criminals for a period not exceeding six months. This center provides an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦intermediate residential sanction at the front end of the system between prison and probation, known as diversion and re-integration services at the tail end of the system between parole and prison, known as transitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Bronstein, 2005). The W.O.R.T.H. Center has various programs that are aimed at fully rehabilitating the offenders such as: moral reconation therapy, skills class, chemical dependency, substance abuse, AA meetings, educational services, job readiness, money management, anger management, domestic violence, public service, parenting classes, Bible study, recreation, and community meetings. Each program is highly structured with evaluation, treatment, follow-up services such as transitional counseling (W.O.R.T.H Center, 2011). The offenders who effectively complete the program at this facility normally continue on non-residential probation that is supervised for a certain period of time. And those offenders who do not are sent to jail. Offenders sentenced to the W.O.R.T.H. Center are normally felony low level felony offenders or probation offenders who are otherwise headed to jail or prison. Rather than being sentenced to jail, such offenders are diverted into centers such as the W.O.R.T.H. Center where they receive severe treatment for education, chemical dependency, family relations or employment assistance. In numerous ways, the W.O.R.T.H. Center is similar to a conventional prison setting since it is a residential placement with very little freedom to actually move around. However, this facility has minimum security operations, which houses between fifty and two hundred male and female offenders, so it is somewhat smaller than most jails and offers to some extent, more freedom to the offender. Community based correctional system such as the W.O.R.T.H. Center is believed to be an evident improvement over conventional corrections programs for humanitarian reasons. The W.O.R.T.H. Center can be considered humanitarian because it provides less serious male and female offenders with choices, which allow them to continue with various elements of their lives. In addition to this, this community based correctional facility is also humanitarian because it avoids many of the negative effects of incarcerations such as stigmatization, damage to mental or physical health as well as constant exposure to criminal peers (Bronstein, 2005). Another advantage of the W.O.R.T.H. Center is that it offers opportunities to be more responsive to the needs of victims, offenders and the community at large. For instance, the restorative resolution program in the W.O.R.T.H. Center is a community alternative to imprisonment. This program targets lawbreakers who are facing a prison term of about six months or at times even nine months. Another sentencing plan is developed for lawbreakers referred to this program that aims to tackle the individual needs of the lawbreaker as well as address victim concerns. Another advantage is that the community programs at this facility are more effective than prison or incarceration. Effectiveness can be measured in terms of avoiding exposure to undesirable effects, reducing recidivism as well as promoting the successful re-integration of offenders into the community (Bloomberg, 2000). Moreover, the cost of running the W.O.R.T.H. Center is not as costly as conventional prison. However, the W.O.R.T.H. Center is not without its weaknesses. This community based correctional facility appears to have very little impact on the rates of recidivism among the ex-offenders (W.O.R.T.H Center, 2011). In addition to this, since the W.O.R.T.H. Center includes residences or halfway houses where the ex-offenders learn to make the successful transition from prison into society, the residents who live around are naturally kept on a strict curfew. In addition to this, these halfway houses are located in a neighborhood, as opposed to remote locations and this commonly disturbs the residents of that particular neighborhood, who live in fear of being victimized or even threatened by the ex-offenders residing in the halfway houses. Recidivism is the repetition of criminal behavior. Clearly, one objective of community based correctional system such as the W.O.R.T.H. Center is to prevent the offenders from repeating any kind of criminal behavior. In the past, these facilities have been commended for being more effective in reducing recidivism than conventional prison settings since they never take the offender completely out of the community and that they also provide a transition period between the community and the prison (Bronstein, 2005). Ideally, community based correctional systems teach the offender how to be productive and successful members of the community. But, regrettably, some offenders in community based correctional programs do recidivate. The re-arrest, charging and return of criminals to correctional facilities has a public safety advantage and numerous social as well as fiscal costs. Proponents of community based correctional systems argue that community programs are in reality more effective than prison. Effectiveness can be measured in terms of avoiding exposure to undesirable effects, reducing recidivism and so forth. According to Benzy (2004), incarceration is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦not more effective than community corrections in preventing re-offending and treatment programs have been shown to be more effective when delivered in a community settingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. What is more, community based correctional programs spare the offenders numerous negative effects of incarceration. I believe that community based correctional system serves the community better than institutional correctional systems. Community based correctional programs facilitate many of the factors linked with the successful re-integration of the offender into the community. For criminals being released from prison into a community based correctional facility, the benefits of community corrections are rather obvious. Not only is the criminal provided with the chance to steadily re-integrate into society, he or she is able to pursue educational and employment opportunities. Moreover, family ties are better maintained when a criminal is residing at a community based correctional facility rather than a prison. Presently, community based correctional facilities have not been widely accepted by the general public and this opposition manifests itself in numerous ways. For instance, the general public has never fully embraced community corrections programs like fines, probation, full and day parole, intermittent prison sentences and temporary absences. A majority of communities in the United States are unfriendly to the notion of having residential centers such as the does a community based correctional system serves the community better than institutional correctional systems for law offenders located in their midst for fear that adjacent property values will drop and crime will increase, a phenomenon commonly referred to as Not In My Back Yard Syndrome or NIMBY (Benzy, 2004). But, most individuals agree that the current institutional correctional system does not work and many are even willing to consider community based correction systems. Institutional correctional systems such as prisons generally make individuals worse. Presently, nothing much has changed other than that there are many more individuals in prison and our prisons are currently larger and in fact, more destructive of the human personality than before with harsher regimes and fewer programs (Bronstein, 2005). Research reveals that there are only three possible changes in the life of an offender during his or her incarceration in an institutional correctional system: availability of a reasonably supportive job, family upon release, as well as the process of aging that ultimately eradicates criminal behavior as an alternative (Bronstein, 2005). It is rather obvious that in the institutional correctional systems, offenders are incarcerated not to treat them, but for other reasons. Increasingly, such systems are places of punishment and have nothing at all to do with rehabilitation unlike the community-based correctional systems. Conclusion Community based correctional systems offers workable alternatives to incarceration for offenders at different stages of the criminal justice process. The alternatives that are available to the offenders include: alternative measures programs, bail supervision programs, fine options programs, restitution programs, probation, community service order, parole and so on. The community based correctional system serves the community better than institutional correctional systems since the offenders are given a chance to steadily re-integrate into society, pursue educational and employment opportunities and in general, be more productive in the community.

Rage Against the Machine Essay -- Music Bands Politics Essays

Rage Against the Machine Zack de la Rocha, Tom Morello, Brad Wilk, and Timmy Commerford took to a Philadelphia stage in 1993 clad in black electrical tape that covered their mouths and the initials PMRC written in black marker across their chests. They stood in this fashion for fourteen minutes while feedback from their guitars rumbled through the amps. This seemingly simple prank was actually protest against the censorship of music and the Parents Music Resource Center, founded by Tipper Gore (Buchi, incidents par. 3-4). The music of Rage Against the Machine contains the political and social views of the band members. They are very avid about defending constitutional rights of the individual and large groups of deprived people. The members of Rage Against the Machine each bring diversity and strong political views into the music they produce. Each member is unique in his childhood background and his introduction to music. It is important to understand their backgrounds to fully understand their passion for political justice. Zack de la Rocha was born in Long Beach, California in 1970. After his parent's separation when he was one year old, Zack lived with his mother in the "whitest community in Southern L.A.". Zack turned to his father to develop close ties with the Chicano community, but after his father's mental breakdown, Zack was forced to look for direction in a high school friend and now current band member Timmy Commerford. Zack, who is responsible for writing the band's lyrics, uses his intelligence to express his anger, especially in the mistreatment of groups like the Zapatistas (Taneja, Band Members par. 1). Timmy Commerford, the band's bassist, ... ...noose over all the new societies that it sees. "Ashes in the Fall" calls the leaders of today fascists that talk society up as a chosen life free of blot and mixture. The song contrasts this by showing that these promises fall through and the world is as it seems not as they want you to see it. "Ashes in the Fall" ends by showing that the closing of factories and schools by the rich drive the poor to crime. This driving force to crime opens the doors to the jail cells and the common person is tucked away. Rage Against the Machine uses its music to project its views about many political and social problems. The power of music has helped their messages reach people in positions that are normally politically retarded. Rage has had a profound influence on groups of people across the globe and will continue to do so in the future.

Vietnam Retaliation In The U.S :: essays research papers

â€Å"Vietnam was the first war ever fought without any censorship. Without censorship, things can get terribly confused in the public mind.† - Gen William C Westmoreland, US Army (http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/13476.html)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is said that a war cannot be fought without the support of the people. Much so was this related to the Vietnam conflict. I say the â€Å"Vietnam Conflict† in that the United States never actually declared war on North Vietnam after its communist split-up in 1960. The conflict was based on the principles of containment stated in the Truman and Eisenhower Doctrines. These documents stated that military aid would be given to any nation willing to fight communism. This idea of â€Å"keeping communism in it’s place† without it spreading to new nations was called containment, a name given by President Harry Truman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May of 1955, Vietnam, which was a French colony, was broken up by rebels led by Ho Chi Minh. Under the accords of the Geneva Convention, the French colony was broken into Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Communist China and Soviet Union while South Vietnam fought off communism with aid from the United States. These series of events added to the tensions felt in the Cold War, which lasted between the United States and the Soviet Union until 1989.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The year 1964 brought the United States into the conflict even more with President Johnson’s Operation â€Å"Rolling Thunder†, which bombed railroads, troop camps and other North Vietnamese targets. This also brought two battalions of 3,500 marines and opened the door to lead 540,000 men in Vietnam by 1967. This drastic call for troops to be deployed to Vietnam called on the Selective Service Act, which drafted men into the military who fit certain requirements. This combined with anti-war sentiments felt at home led to the opposition to the war I am to speak about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Conflict in Vietnam did not go unnoticed at home as well. Some Americans were eager to fight Communism in Vietnam. But, unlike most wars of American time, the action in Vietnam had a very split approval amongst Americans. Many believed that the conflict was the responsibility of South Vietnam, and not that of the United States. By the conflict’s escalation, however, the approval of the practice of containment in Vietnam dropped drastically as more Americans lost their lives to Viet-Cong guerillas. But some were optimistic, said here: â€Å"Writer James Reston commented that the anti-war demonstrations were not helping to bring peace to Vietnam. He said they were postponing it. He believed the demonstrations would make Ho Chi

Earnest Hemingway :: essays research papers fc

Earnest Hemingway Earnest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park Illinois. After graduating from high school, he got a job at a paper called "Kansas City Star". Hemingway continually tried to enter the military, but his messed up eye, hindered this task. Hemingway had managed to get a job driving an American Red Cross ambulance. During this expedition, he was injured and hospitalized. Hemingway had an crush for a particular nurse at that hospital, her name was Agnes von Kurowsky. Hemingway continually proposed to her, and she continually denied. When Hemingway healed his injuries, he moved back to Michigan, and had wanted to write again. When he married Hadley Richardson and was working in France, as a foreign correspondent, for the "Toronto Star". In 1925, he wrote a book called "In Our Time", which was marketed in New York. The next year he published a book called "The Sun Also Rises", a novel where he had his first success. "The Sun Also Rises", deals with a group of desultory people in exile from France and Spain-members of the "lost generation", a phrase made famous by Hemingway himself. In post-war years, Hemingway spent most of his time writing books. But, when his first marriage failed, and had a son, John, he had married Pauline Pfeiffer, who had his next 2 children. Based in Paris, he had traveled for skiing, bullfighting, fishing, or hunting that by then had become what most of his work was all about. Hemingway, started writing short stories, among them was "Men Without Women" in 1927, and "A Farewell to Arms" in 1929. This story shows a love story within a war time setting. Many people believe that Hemingway, did his writing at this period of his life. He once confessed "If I had not been hunting and fishing, I would have probably been writing." Hemingway's stories were based on adventure, and different aspects of it. His love of Spain, and his love of bullfighting, led him to write a book called "Death in the Afternoon". During the 1930's, Spain was in a civil war, still having ties in Spain, Hemingway made 4 trips their. He raised money, for a party called the "Loyalists". He wrote a book about it called "The Fifth Column". In this book, the narrator is the protagonist. From more experience in Spain, he wrote a book called "Whom the Bell Tolls" in 1940. This book was the most successful writing, based on sales of the book. All of Hemingway's life, has been fascinated by wars. For example, in "A Farewell to Arms", he focused on how war had

Globalization in Russia Essay

Globalization has done a lot to Russia not only in changing the economic parameters but also the social- cultural portfolio of life. Russia enjoys the sovereignty of a high state of integration within the community of the western world. The fight for high changes and maintenance of sovereignty is to maintain its high class phenomenon within its geographical neighborhood. The history of Russia is deeply founded on its Soviet country where the role of great leadership authorities reigned even across the national boundaries. In analyzing the globalization variable in Russia the role of women should not be over looked. As a general analysis however, the expectation of globalizations were not fully met. Long since the country went in such for globalization benefits, various rigidities have left it still lagging behind in the same aspects. Various economic downfalls and dissatisfaction have acted to compromise the adequate state of affairs in this state. (Brierley, 1) Broadly, females are greatly disadvantaged in this state full of political communism. From the UNICEF statistics, however, the women show a close difference with the male population. First the maternal mortality is as low as 32%. This is due to poor ante-natal care protection and poor attendant by skilled personnel during delivery. Only 96% of women are well attended by skilled persons at their delivery. The female mortality rate is around 7% which is a percentage almost equal to that of the male births. However, as the child ages 5 years, this ratio is considerably equal to that of the male children. Generally, Russia has a well proven medical care system. (Stoliaror, 43) Good medication systems make it vulnerable to deaths through ill-health compared to high percentage of the same in African and Asian countries. The female life expectancy has however showed a decreasing trend since 1970, with it being 72 years compared to 59 that of men. Either, the fertility rate in women is approximated to being 1. 4. Effect of globalization stretches its arms to the social autonomies were various social structures have radically changed to capture the changing effects in the national symmetry. At one level, marriage contraceptive prevalence is largely 34% with these varying between the literate and illiterate people. (Balcon, 27) High illiterates are vulnerable to low use of the same. Lower use of contraceptives has led to spread of various sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV whose total population is approximated to being 950,000. The ratio of marriage breakages between men and women is approximated to being 2 is to 3 (2:3) with two men for every three women. Either, teen marriage has been a social factor calling for various analytical consequences. Largely, 31% of the teen have showed in for marriage at their teen age. ( Robinson, 75) Out of this population 57% has been stated as being girls who even drop out of school above the consequences of early pregnancies. Such early marriages have been a big backbone of failed marriage coupled with inabilities to substantiate for family needs and requirements. The total fertility rate is however high as 1. 4. This has been precisely due to high standards of living and adequate medical attention. Education factor occupies a special place in studying the globalization and the social dispensation of Russia. However, the education statistics are high vulnerable and shows an equitable relationship between men and women (males and females). The ratio of adult literacy between men and women is almost equal and shows no much disparity. Statistic shows that, women through literacy have earned themselves a good place in the economic scenario where they have been voted as movers of wide range of governance activities. There is no discrimination between schooling for both sexes and every educational structure is modeled to provide equity and equality between men and women. Either, secondary school enrolment between males and females is equitable with a one to one ratio. The same attendance in the secondary school has also been found to been one is to one. High child education campaign and the good system of education providing equity for both sexes have ensured a high number of equal thresholds between males and females. The place for secondary school teaching has however favored females with the ratio being three is to two (60% for women). However, more men graduate for other occupations. Basically the university enrollment shows a small diversity with equal opportunity been provided for the both sexes. Generally, the level of literacy is subjectively equal with them sharing almost equally the various opportunities allied to education benefits. (Rozanora, 1) The female employment aspect is a critique issue in Russia. Various disparities between male and female employment draws various issues of concern. Broadly, the employment factor for females in Russia depend on critical issue of age, level of education and various social cultural autonomies. The general employment statistics in Russia are defined in terms of the level of professionalism. The major age bracket for women employment is between 20 and 55 years, though extremities below and above this fraction is evident. Any employment below 17 years is taken as child labor abuse. Either, some women population employment above 55 years is evident though few cases are available. Generally, the total women percentage is 43% of the total employment population in the country. Men are advantaged to get the better share of 57%. The female employment also shows a relatively equal ration between self-employed and professionals. Out of the total population of employed women, 54% are professional while the remaining ratio goes for self employment. However, men occupies the majority of the managerial position with around 2. 6% of the employed women population being managers (Fisher, 89) The wage and salary payment is depended on the professionalism and the level of position working for. Indeed, the general wage rate in Russia is substantially adequate which almost augers that of the United Nations and labor laws requirements. The existing state of Russia can be recommended of its high proficiency in factors of equity and equality in its structures. There is seldom equitable distribution of the natural resources between racial groups, sexes, social institutions and political structures. High political renaissance and motivation above the fight for sovereignty on individual rights has brought the absence or very minimal discrimination. (Taylor, 4) All the people founded on sexual disparities, religious orientations, educational indifferences and cultural autonomies above other parity orientations have enjoyed the fruits of equity and equality. The economic systems and structures are relatively distributed equally between the state groups. The political and legal processes have showered an equitable correspondence in providing support for everybody participation in the political interest. The legal system has ensured neutrality between the state groups in terms of education, cultural, religious and geographical orientations. Equity and equality also extends its arms to the marriage structures where a broad length in marriage regularities provides no discrimination to all. Neutrality in the states social structures provides adequate conditions with which people intermingle adequately with one another. (Smith, 47) Either, adequacy in people’s marriage has been provided with every person at his/her wish too choose marriage partner. At the marriage matrimony, equal rights between the couple have been founded on grounds of equity. Both the husband and the wife have equal role to play in the marriage activities. Ideally, globalization has done a lot in providing positive effects on health. The highly developed technology and research activity helps to provide high standards of medication. Generally, Russia is among the global states with high developments in health matters. However, globalization has yielded high standards in matter of health with high technology and medical attention been uncompromised. Health matters runs from household sanitation, drinking clean water, child immunization, malaria treatment, chronic disease treatments, HIV/AIDS statistics above others. (Duffy, 1) However, the general state of health is highly improved. As per the UNICEF statistics of 2006, Russian health variables have been characterized as among that of the developed countries which generally shows high states of health matters. However, HIV/AIDS campaign has below the hallmark of the health investigation, with 950000 million people been affected. Various health structures have been put into place to avoid its spread, through education on mother-child transmissions, use of sexual contraceptives and use of ARV’s above other medication pursuit for the affected people. Globally, Russia extends its arms even to other nations in providing health support. The country has various policies on population control and health support. (Passas, 1) Through its huge campaign it has set various health requirements and high standards for ensuring a controlled health population for its citizens. Various social-cultural inadequacies like literacy and political authorities have been in the fore front to shape the population growth and distribution. Russia defines various emigration policies and foreign citizen ownership. It has high controlled systems of monitoring migration exchange between its people and other nationals. Both emigration and immigration is captured at an outstanding perspective where various rules and regulations are never compromised in the acquisition of citizenry. Such policies streamline at one point to encourage or elsewhere to discourage immigration. This is based on the need for the observation of a high state of security. Any migration policy is also aimed at ensuring possible inadequacies which may have effect on the existing state resources. This is in the recognition of highly/excessive pressure of immigration and unexploited resources on high emigrations. Migration policies stretch its arms on refugees, where various laws have been put to cater for any refugee. They also observe the United Nations standards on their treatment to refugees. The neutrality in terms of laws has provided a high comprehensive observation of human rights. The United Nations Development Program has shown an explicitly adequate standard on the observation of human rights. The state legal process has a profound structure in which it elaborates the process system of the law and regulations defining human rights and freedoms. Either, it has been vulnerable in observing various rights allied to refugees as per the UNHCR regulations. The political system and the court autonomy have ensured a high implication in support for states which provide rationality in ensuring observation of people’s rights and freedoms. Summarily therefore, globalization has done a lot in shaping and determining the state of social structures in Russia. It various influences have helped to foster an improved state of living for both men women. Work cited Balcon, D. Solidarity without Pay in Russia. The Nation, vol. 266, April 27 1998. Brierley, N. Russia: Perceptions and Reality. a Round T able Discussion 13 February 2003 New Statesman, vol. 132, April 7,2003. Duffy, D. An assessment of Health Policy Reform in Russia. Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 25.

How College Degree Is Important to Me Essay

College education gives me the opportunity to have an extremely success future. It’s everything that most individual wants in their life. Since it’s so tremendous and valuable to have a college degree I will take the opportunity to pursue it. A college degree is very important and has a significant meaning to my future, it will provide me with a better career with higher pay salary, experience and it will give me that personal satisfaction for making my dream come through. According to Nelson Mandela â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you use to change the world†. And I believe by having my college degree can change my world. I am surgical technologist that enjoys work and helping people, so by obtaining a college degree in psychology will make me understand people from a different perspective. However, my job is always challenging and by furthering my education I will have the ability to learn new things every day. This degree will reassure my employer that I can cope with the work environment and also has the ability to adapt to constant change. A degree is evidence that help climbing the corporate ladder, it gives you the higher ups that you have necessary skills to be promoted to a higher position. By accomplishing a college degree will allow me to have the experience and the skill that I never had before. It’s a learning experience that would transform me in a life time. Achieving a college degree would give me the skills to perform my job or to face the real world. In reality facing the real world without a college degree can be very difficult. Mostly by earning a degree will give the hope and personal satisfaction about me. I can feel confident and secure about the next step I will be taken without fear. It will help me to prepare for industrial skills. For example writing essays, computer science and how to analyze people behavior that is why my major is psychology so it can help me deal with people appropriately. Thus, college can help me achieving the skills related to the industry I am working in and help me to figure out how to do my job. In conclusion achieving my college degree is the most important thing to my life and my future, it will help my family in so many valuable ways and most of all will make me accomplish my goal a college degree.

Perfect Pizzeria Essay

Perfect Pizzeria Restaurants is a chain of 125 pizza establishments around the country with headquarters in Madison, Wisconsin. There are three locations in Bloomington, Indiana however they have financial and employee problems particularly at the location near the Indiana University campus. Each location has one manager and two shift leaders. The employees are mostly college students, with a few high school students performing the less challenging jobs. Nearly all of the employees, with the exception of some managers, are employed part-time and most earned only the minimum wage or slightly above. To address the financial problems, the Perfect Pizzeria manager’s compensation plan was changed to now being based on food and beverage costs and profit targets. If the percentage of food unsold or damaged is very low, the manager gets a bonus. If the percentage is high, the manager does not receive a bonus; rather he or she receives only his or her normal salary. Their compensation is also reflected in the restaurant’s profit figures which also must reach a certain level for the manager to receive a bonus. Thus the managers knew the criteria being used for their evaluation and therefore where to focus their efforts. These profit and loss figures often fluctuate. Knowing the manager cannot be in the store 24 hours a day, some employees make up for their low paychecks by helping themselves to the food. When a friend comes in to order a pizza, extra ingredients are put on the friend’s pizza. An occasional slice or two of pizza by the 18 to 20 employees throughout the day/evening at the break table also raises the percentage figure. An occasional bucket of sauce may be spilled or a pizza accidentally burned. Sometimes the wrong size of pizza may be made. In the event of an employee mistake or a burned pizza by the oven person, the expense is supposed to come from the individual employee. Because of peer pressure, the night manager seldom writes up a bill for the erring employee. Instead the establishment takes the loss and the error goes unnoticed until the end of the month when the inventory is taken. That’s when the manager finds out if the food loss percentage is high and if there will be a bonus. (Next page) Over time these loss figures increased. To address these problems at the Bloomington location, the manager took retaliatory measures. Previously, each employee was entitled to a free pizza slice, salad, and all the soft drinks he or she could drink for every 4 hours of work. Management decided to raise this figure to 6 hours of work before any free food. Since the employees had received this â€Å"free food after 4-hours† benefit for a long time they frequently ignored the rule and took advantage of the situation whenever the manager was not in the building. Therefore, the Perfect Pizzeria manager decided to create an assistant manager position which could more closely supervise the shift leaders. Each shift leader was now responsible for a team of 3 – 4 employees who were given specific responsibilities for a particular job such as counter, delivery, food preparation, etc. Employee apathy grew within the pizzeria. There seemed to be a further separation between the store manager and his workers, who were once a closely knit group. The manager made no attempt to alleviate the problem, because he felt it would iron itself out. The employees who were dissatisfied would quit or they would be content to put up with the new regulations. As it turned out, there were many employee resignations. The manager had no problem in filling the vacancies with new workers, but the loss of experienced personnel was costly to the business. It didn’t take long for the new employees to become influenced by the more experienced employees and the unsold/damaged food percentage remained high. Then the manager took a bolder step. He eliminated all the benefits that the employees had – no free pizzas, salads, or drinks. The manager tried still another approach to alleviate the rising unsold/damaged food percentage problem and maintain his bonus. He placed a notice on the bulletin board, stating that: if the percentage remained at a high level, a lie detector test would be given to all employees. All those found guilty of taking or intentionally wasting food or drinks would be immediately terminated. This did not have the desired effect on the employees, because they knew if they were all subjected to the test, all would be found guilty and the manager would have to dismiss all of them. This would leave him in a worse situation than ever. As the manager sat in his office listening to his beloved Cub’s baseball game, he analyzed the month’s profit/loss statements and knew things were not going to be good. What he did not expect was that the percentage was actually increasing from previous months. Another problem developed at the Bloomington campus location when Jennifer, a recently hired night shift counter clerk filed a complaint with the regional manager. She stated in her complaint that she was always required to work the late shift and Bill the night manager was becoming a bit â€Å"too friendly†. In fact her complaint stated, the only way she could get off from work earlier than other employees was if she would agree to meet Bill on their nights off at Hoosier’s, a popular college student club down the street from Perfect Pizzeria. Additionally, there was a formal complaint from a group of male employees that only the attractive female workers were being promoted to assistant managers or shift leaders even though the men had worked at the restaurant longer than most of the promoted women. The case assignment questions follow†¦ PERFECT PIZZERIA – CASE QUESTIONS (Please type your responses by listing the question number/letter and then your answers to the questions.) 1. List two different managerial functions/activities the manager has performed. Then give specific examples or evidence from the case that explains these two management functions the manager has performed. 4. points) 2a. Which of the managerial skills was the manager best at? Explain. 2b. Which of the managerial skills did the manager need to improve? Explain. (4 points) 3. List and/or give examples of four (4) different forces or factors from Perfect Pizzerias’ external environment. Then give a specific example of how each of these could have an impact on Perfect Pizzeria. Please be specific.(4 pts.) 4a. The case mentions that some employees put extra ingredients on their friends’ pizza or take a nibble or two of pizza during their shift. Please discuss whether you feel this is ethical and your reasons why you feel this way. (2 pts.) 4b. What actions could an organization take to prevent these potential ethical violations from happening based on the concepts in the textbook? Explain by applying these ideas to this case situation. (4 pts.) 5. Review the organizational approaches to managing diversity from Chapter 6. Then discuss or give an example of how you would apply two of these concepts to address the complaints of the male employees regarding the unfair promotions? Be specific. (4 points) 6. Give an example from the case of a poor management action and discuss two (2) specific ways you would correct the situation if you were the manager. (3 points)

Leadership Profle: Mother Teresa

Leadership Profile: Mother Teresa Mother Teresa is a fine example of a leader in today’s culture. Her profound ways of humble and servant leadership has forever shaped the way this world looks at those who live without. Her prime example of ethical use of power has become an example to those who have a great deal of persuasion in this world. The example being, that one does not need money, power, an office, staff, an overbearing voice, or a tottering society, to change the world. Instead, all that is needed is a conviction, a heart of humility, and a life of devotion.Born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu on August 26, 1910, in Skopje, Macedonia, she was the youngest of three children. In her teens, Agnes became a member of a youth group in her local parish called Sodality. Through her involvement with their activities guided by a priest, Agnes became interested in missionaries. At age 17, she responded to her first call of a vocation as a Catholic missionary nun. She joined an Irish orde r, the Sisters of Loretto, a community known for their missionary work in India. When she took her vows as a Sister of Loretto, she chose the name Teresa after Saint Therese of Lisieux. the Patron Saint of missionaries) In Calcutta, Sister Teresa taught geography and catechism at St. Mary's High School.In 1944, she became the principal of St. Mary's. Soon Sister Teresa contracted tuberculosis, was unable to continue teaching and was sent to Darjeeling for rest and recuperation. It was on the train to Darjeeling that she received her second call — â€Å"the call within the call†. Mother Teresa recalled later, â€Å"I was to leave the convent and work with the poor, living among them. It was an order. I knew where I belonged but I did not know how to get there. Mother Teresa started a school in the slums to teach the children of the poor. She also learned basic medicine and went into the homes of the sick to treat them. In 1949, some of her former pupils joined her. The y found men, women, and children dying on the streets who were rejected by local hospitals. The group rented a room so they could care for helpless people otherwise condemned to die in the gutter. In 1950, the group was established by the Church as a Diocesan Congregation of the Calcutta Diocese. It was known as the Missionaries of Charity.In 1952 the first Home for the Dying was opened in space made available by the City of Calcutta. Over the years, Mother Teresa’s Missionaries of Charity grew from 12 to thousands serving the â€Å"poorest of the poor† in 450 centers around the world. Mother Teresa created many homes for the dying and the unwanted from Calcutta to New York to Albania. She was one of the pioneers of establishing homes for AIDS victims. For more than 45 years, Mother Teresa comforted the poor, the dying, and the unwanted around the world. Mother Teresa gained worldwide acclaim with her tireless efforts on behalf of world peace.Her work brought her numer ous humanitarian awards, including: the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. In receiving this award, Mother Teresa revolutionized the award ceremony. She insisted on a departure from the ceremonial banquet and asked that the funds, $6,000 be donated to the poor in Calcutta. This money would permit her to feed hundreds for a year. Beginning in 1980, homes began to spring-up for drug addicts, prostitutes, battered women, and more orphanages and schools for poor children around the world.In 1985, Mother Teresa established the first hospice for AIDS victims in New York. Later, homes were added in San Francisco and Atlanta. Mother Teresa was awarded the Medal of Freedom, the highest U. S. civilian award. On February 3, 1994, at a National Prayer Breakfast sponsored by the U. S. Senate and House of Representatives, in Washington, DC, Mother Teresa challenged the audience on such topics as family life and abortion. She said, â€Å"Please don’t kill the ch ild. I want the child. Give the child to me. Mother Teresa traveled to help the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl, and earthquake victims in Armenia. Her zeal and works of mercy knew no boundaries. Mother Teresa was a leader in both the political realm as well as the business realm, though she would have never claimed as being so. She never campaigned for any kind of office, nor did she ever start a business to make money. Instead, she became a leader in the world that she was born into, the world that she lived in. Mother Teresa was a leader, as unit one explains, someone who knew who she was and where she was going.Her perception of self was that of someone who grasped the truth; the only way to solve a problem was to work for it. Her perception of self was that of a simple servant. She was perhaps a leader that will forever live for her examples of service and the unique ability to lead those who have given their lives to the Lord, and those even just searching. She was able to attain and sustain the people that chose to join her in her life’s mission by continually convicting them of the need of these works to be done in a world that is starving for such. And she did it by jumping in first.Physical danger or diseases never compromised her mission and vision. She always passed and presented that risk to those who joined her, and convinced to live fearlessly and with trust is the Lord, which compelled more people to follow. She was a leader that presented, to herself and followers, a new way to view and care for the poor, dying, hungry, and naked. A view that was Truth. A view that slowly convicts the hearts of today’s world and convicts us to not be bound by fear for our own beings, but to recklessly do good in this world for those who are in need.She had the quality of a leader that could stir things up in this culture and create conflicts that led to boundless resolutions. Resolutions that would forever be marked and lived o ut by generations to come. Mother Teresa is a fine example and definition of what it means to be a â€Å"Servant Leader†. She was a servant leader in ways this world needs more of. She was someone that did not work for money, fame, power, or immortality, but rather she worked to change the world that she lived in. Mother Teresa was able to acquire followers that were not seen as followers, but fellow missionaries.Some of these people were even students that she had taught in the past. These fellow missionaries joined her because of the example that she set before the world. They were not following her for what they were hoping to receive malleably from the world, but to change it. Mother Teresa did not lead by asking or demanding, but instead by challenging and loving. She was a leader in community. First, it was a community of just a couple of people living with the same convictions, and then quickly grew to worldwide communities.She always expressed something that is very i mportant for any servant leader to express– Unlimited Liability. She showed this to those who had joined her, but most of all, to those of whom she was devoting her life to. She knew that her mission was to serve those In need. And in order to fully apprehend this, she lived the life of those of whom she was serving. She never separated herself, or put herself at a level that was unattainable for those who she lived for and with. If the people that she served had no heater in the winter, then she would live with no heater.Above all the traits and unique qualities that Mother Teresa was blessed to posses in order to lead such movements in both political and business realms, her vision is truly what had convicted the world. And will continue to convict generations of missionaries and laity in the future. Her vision was something that she held close to her heart. A vision that was a matter of life for her, but at the same time, was attainable for anyone who wished to follow. She lived a vision that brought life to those who are forgotten.It is a vision that brings dignity to all forms and stages of life. At the same time, a vision that brings dignity to the very life of who is participating in this vision. It is a vision that one must be devoted to, and as the devotion continues, as does the weight of the vision in this world. A change that is brought about through, rather than by, one person at a time. Mother Teresa passed on September 5th, 1997. She has been appointed for Canonization, and is now Beatified and referred to as Blessed Mother Teresa.

Compare and Contrast Ww1 & Ww2 Essay

The World Wars were in some ways similar but also, different. The World Wars had similarities in the way the wars were caused, how the wars ended, in regards to who lost, and propaganda. The casualties, the cost, and the military tactics however, were some of their differences. World War I was caused by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914. However, World War II was caused by the political and economic instability in Germany, along with the bad conditions of the Treaty of Versailles . When the treaty of Versailles was put into affect, Germany acknowledged responsibility for the war, which also meant agreeing to pay enormous amounts of money for war reparations and losing land/territory to those who won the war . However, Germany agreed to this with a lot of bitterness. During World War II, Germany, as a nation, grew to really dislike the Treaty of Versailles because they thought it was unfair and that they were unable to pay the reparations due to the time period, the Great Depression. In addition, Hitler’s Rise to Power and his alliances in opposition to the Soviet Union. World War I was based on imperialism while World War II was a result of a clash of ideologies . WWI fought mainly to try and acquire territory. A s for WWII, it was a battle between Fascism and Communism . Even though there were some different causes to the wars, a similar cause would be the fact that the two wars were caused by a country or more than one country would want more power. During World War I, Germany was trying to get a hold of more power than it already had . The idea of having Germany gain more power alarmed many of the other countries, specifically France, England, and Russia, and forced them to go to war with Germany to be able to keep the balance of power within the nations. By World War II, Germany and Japan both believed that they did not have the amount of power they actually deserved . Germany wanted to regain the power it lost after World War I. As for Japan, it wanted to have a larger empire and to be taken in as a major power. Of course, the Allies were against this because they were fond with how everything was balanced at this time period. In the end, Germany would be the country that suffers and is defeated in both World War I and World War II. The difference in the defeat was that during WWI, the defeat was acknowledged, while in WWII, Hitler chose to fight until the final ending, which ultimately led to mass destruction . The outcome of World War I was that German, Russia, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires were militarily and politically defeated. The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist and the League of Nations emerged. The League of Nations was created in the hope of preventing another conflict . However, it failed due to the emergence of World War II. World War II ended with the Allied powers rising with victory, specifically giving USA and the Soviet Union the reputation of being the two most powerful nations, while Germany and Japan lost . After the League of Nations failed, the United Nations was established so that future conflicts could be handled by â€Å"international cooperation† and by preventing conflicts that could lead up to war . World War II had, by far, the most amount of deaths ever before. World War I had an estimated amount of 10 million dead, 21 million wounded, and 7.7 million missing or imprisoned, while World War II had more than 55 million civilian and military deaths . WWII was fought at a much greater scale and there were 7 times more casualties than in WWI. Also, World War I was located mostly in Europe, while World War II had included nearly the entire world. In addition to the casualties, the costs of the wars were outstanding. It is estimated that the cost of World War I cost about 380 billion dollars, while World War II cost about 42,000 billion dollars . Just the cost alone shows the great difference between World War I and World War II. Warfare methods had been the altered in regards of weaponry. During World War I, soldiers would fight from trenches and would use artillery, machine guns, early airplanes, and poisonous gas . There was little mobility during that time period. On the contrary, World War II fought using nuclear power and missiles . During this time period, many special operations were put into affect. An example of a special operation would be Operation Foxley, where the British military planned to assassinate Adolf Hitler (which was not really put into affect). In addition, submarines and tanks were also more heavily used and secret communication, or â€Å"code,† became more difficult to figure out, which benefitted them so that others would not understand their plan of attack, their location, etc. Radios were invented which were heavily used during WWII, while there were only landline phones in WWI . Something similar between World War I and World War II would be the propaganda that would be used to each countries benefit. During World War I and World War II, propaganda was something that both wars relied heavily upon. The propaganda was so heavily relied on due to the use of creating nationalism and supporting the war efforts on both sides and wars . An example would be how, even though the United States were reluctant in entering the war, when it finally joined, propaganda showed men fighting for their country and having to persuade other men to enlist. In addition, there would be that same type of propaganda for World War II. The propaganda helped to have the nation pull together as a whole and to, more importantly, support the war . Even though WWI and WWII seem close, they have had some major differences between them. In regards to political purposes, they were different. Economically, they were outstandingly different. Militarily, they had some similarities but some differences as well. Germany was a big factor that was important in both World War I and World War II. Overall, there were some similar qualities between both wars. In addition, there were some differences that can be seen between Worlds War II and I.