Kingdom Building Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kingdom Building - Term Paper Example As for what I do right now, I do feel that I am called to help the poor. That is my job. In my ministry, everyone is equal, for God â€Å"looketh on the heart.† God looks upon what is on the inside—not upon that which is on the outside. Thus, it is important that we realize that God judges differently than humans judge, humans who look upon outward appearances many times—forgetting that there is a person underneath the flesh and bones. People are not just flesh and bone, but we are also mind and spirit. The whole mind-body-spirit connection must be made. People who minister only to one part of the body will not see the complete picture. If someone is hungry, he is not going to want to listen to spiritual platitudes about how one should feed the hungry. That makes no sense. Therefore, my style of ministry oozes with common-sense, on-the-ground approaches that will help people be ministered to on all levels, not just one single level. This is important to recognize because, so many people stress the spiritual level. So many people push about being spiritual. Jesus, however, taught us not to be spiritual, but to have a common-sense approach. If I see a hungry man or woman, I am going to feed that person. If I see someone who needs water, I will give that person a glass of water. I’m not going to come up to them and shove a Bible tract in their face and say, â€Å"Are you ‘born again’?† ... If they do not fit in your ministry path, what kinds of people would need to serve along with you for successful ministry? This should be at least one page long. (275) I am a big encourager, and I like to see people do well. I would definitely have to work with other people who are encouraging, because without that form of encouragement, I don’t see myself or my parishioners succeeding. The people who attend my church should always feel welcome, and no one should be left out feeling they did not do a good job. It’s always a good idea to find some positive aspect about everything and everybody—it is never kind to speak ill of someone, even if they have faults. I know that sometimes gossip and fear-mongering can definitely ruin faith-based relationships and trust within a church. This is called lashon hara in Hebrew (literally, â€Å"the evil tongue†), which is the exact opposite of love.2 Speaking ill of someone is not only considered rude, but gossip is co ntagious. Once one person does it, it is tempting for someone else to want to â€Å"chime in,† and give their opinion. Soon, a molehill can be turned into a mountain with enough silver tongues spouting their opinions. In my ministry, another requirement would have to be working with people who are teachable individuals or people who are teachers themselves. People who are teachable are open to all kinds of learning. Similarly, teachers likewise might usually be the types of people who are open to learning of some sort. Thus, I have to work with people who are both encouragers and teachers, like myself. This gives me the ability to perfect my ministry to the point where people will come to rely on my consistency, as well as the steadfastness

Rolls Royce in Contemporary Business Environment

Rolls Royce in Contemporary Business Environment This assignment is aimed to critically evaluate a change management towards to the operations at Rolls Royce plc, ascertain a range of reasons for either success or failure to implement a operations management and to propose further improvements for the companys performance. The annual Rolls Royce report was used a primary source of business data. It was found that the firms strategy and operations management conforms to the current trends in the operations, i.e. environmental needs, customised quality of products and flexibility of production, etc.; however, certain risks and global challenges may affect a success of the business, leading to losing a share in the market niche. Introduction Rolls Royce in Contemporary Business Environment Rolls Royce is a global company providing a power product, judging on a basis of customers demand or a niche market position its me, for land, sea and air (Rolls-Royce, 2006). The company has a balanced business portfolio with the leading positions in civil aerospace, defence aerospace, marine and energy markets. One of key factors of Rolls-Royces success is continuing expansion of its business globally. In the past five year RR started work on or opened facilities in Europe, the United States and Asia. Company employs over 38,000 employees, 22,700 are in the UK with the balance primarily in the US, Asia, Germany, Scandinavia and Brazil, which represents a global expansion of business operations, human resources for implementation of process and technology, i.e. resources for the status. Rolls Royce is a highly focused power systems business, concentrating on manufacturing and services of power systems, including a gas turbine engine. There are approximately 54,000 Rolls Royce gas turbines in service. With annual sales of around  £4 billion and a forward order book of nearly  £22 billion, its technology is applied over a wide range of products that generate high-value services throughout their operational lives. These operations give a value for the companys business. In response to increased orders from the market due to A380 production will recommence and Boeing787 production begins (Boeing, 2006), the firm implements a strategy towards to the best operations for turbine engine production. Objectives of the Assignment Manufacturing (WCM) is one of the broadest philosophies focusing primarily on production (Lind, 2001). Although Hayes and Wheelwright originally defined the WCM term (B. Flynn, 1997) to describe organizations which achieved a global competitive advantage through use of their manufacturing capabilities as a strategic weapon, there is no consistent definition of WCM (Maskell, 1991). So does Roll_ Royce represents the operations management? In my opinion, the answer is clearly, yes, it does. A world-class organization is an organization that had established itself as the best (RR automotive has been doing it continuously since 1906) becomes the best with new product lines (such as gas turbines) and then sustains itself as the best in its field during a life cycle. It goes beyond TQM (Total Quality Management), which is an adaptive process. It also goes beyond the learning organization by keeping ahead of changes. World-class organizations practice Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) a management philosophy which focuses on improving processes within an organization. Further these principles of the operations will be analysed and discussed. Analysis and Discussion 2.1. Ownership and Finance Roll_ Royce is a Public Limited Company (plc). What are benefits or drawbacks to be a plc for the ? As firm is selling shares on a stock market, the business gets a huge capital injection allowing the company to expand quicker and invest in new products. In RRs case it allows them to use high quality machinery and materials to produce innovative and yet expensive products, entering a niche on the markets. Being on the stock market can have a positive effect on your publicity and suppliers are more willing to offer you a credit as they can see how secure finances are. Plc-type organisation has also drawbacks. Financial information has to be published for shareholders and it also open for competitors. The company on a stock market have to pay its profit out to shareholders (Fig. 1), which reduces a financial security of the business. Also the shareholders may influence a management style, not always in the best way, in running the company. This could lead to a conflict of interests between ownership and management board, leading to decisions taking a long time to be made. In addition such a business may be affected by movements of global markets themselves, i.e. commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates etc. Fig. 1. Total Shareholders Return over five years [Rolls-Royce, 2006] 2.2. Business Strategy Roll_ Royce sets-up their strategy towards to be the best, i.e. and had a restructuring programme after 11 September 2001, increasing investments in both technology and capabilities to create competitive products. More satisfied customers relations, which can last up to 25 years or more, is also important for the business as it gives more than 50% of revenue from after sales market service. As a result of this strategy RRs mission statement is described as Roll_ Royce offers the best customers business solutions from superior power systems and services (Rolls-Royce, 2006). RRs ambitious and yet timely objective is to help the environment. The company developed a re-engineering program to reduce as much waste as possible. Using the SMART concept Roll_ Royce come up with a consistent strategy: Developing a competitive product portfolio (currently over 50 product programmes and  £350 millions for development and introduction of new products) for four global markets Civil, Defence, Marine and Energy with 40-50% market share in the next 5 years. Reducing operational and unit costs by increasing operations efficacy. Responding to the challenge of climate change.  £100 million annual investment for RD, introducing an Environmental Engine Programme. Capturing aftermarket services opportunity and add value for customers through the provision of product-related services. Environmental issues will dominate in the airline industry as more public issues have been arisen due to climate change, pollutions, noise and air quality (Fig. 2). The Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE) has set a range of challenging environmental improvement goals to be achieved by 2020. Globally a rapid growth continued in manufacturing load in 2006 and will increase further for the company. It is also inevitable that turnover will increase within the next years due to a world growth of transportation business and energy demand. As a result one of the key objectives at Roll_ Royce is the environmental issue. The pollution produced by companys factories and produced engines has to be designed, monitored and checked regularly. The Environmentally Friendly Engine (EFE) is the latest demonstrator programme to be launched by Roll_ Royce to enable them to meet these targets: reduced fuel consumption, while lowering emissions and engine noise. In addition RR is d eveloping renewable fuel cell systems that have the potential to be clean, quiet, cost effective and highly fuel efficient. Fig. 2. This is an example of an increasing environmental pressure for aerospace industry both manufacturers and carrier companies. Roll_ Royce aims to produce engines to meet the most stringent noise and emission requirements for future civil aircraft. A company is successful if it has stable growing sales and thus financial resources for further business development towards to the level. 2.3. Sales and Operations Management Roll_ Royce press release shows the group ended 2006 with a net cash balance of  £826million. Underlying aftermarket services revenues grew by 13% in 2006 and represented 53% of total sales and is expected to grow up to 63% further. Any threat to security of aftermarket revenues through a failure to provide an operational service which meets customers expectations, would threaten a RRs level of profitability. Therefore Roll_ Royce is focused on providing a high standard of service to all its customers, investing in capabilities such as its recently established Operations Centres, which monitor engine operations in real time, co-ordinating and integrating data to enable Roll_ Royce to provide better predictive information and operational performance. A corporate report shows how well after-sale revenue has increased (Table 1). *Reconciliation of underlying results is provided in notes 2 and 7 of the consolidated financial statements. **Underlying revenues reflect actual US dollar exchange rates on settled derivative contracts. A Roll_ Royce presentation (Rolls-Royce, 2006) contains a statement from each area referring to how well they have done in the previous year: Civil Aerospace = Growing services/improving business mix Defence = Well positioned on new programme Marine = Continuing strong order intake Energy = Introduced new products These four sentences sum up how the business has done in relation to their strategies mentioned previously. But the markets in which company operates are highly competitive that is another challenge faced at Rolls-Royces strategy mix to be the world-class. As Roll_ Royce does not offer products that can be sold over a till but more order based products over long periods, it is risky to have lots of pre-ordered products and therefore important to offer a good stock price to encourage potential investors. Majority of Rolls-Royces programmes are long-term in nature and access to the key platforms is critical to a business success. Although there is clearly a positive feeling to these four statements it is hard to measure these long-term objectives. One mentioned objective is that there is no reference to in their annual report is whether harmful waste has been disposed, protecting the environment, or it has resulted to increased emission tax, reducing a financial outcome. However the Managing Director of Roll_ Royce said that 2006 is developing, overall, in line with our expectations. Particular emphasis is being made on the most profitable engine market for long-haul aircrafts (Fig. 3, table 2). With more orders for new Trent engines to date is exceed 200 aircrafts valued  £6billions with the major clients in Asia and Europe (Table 1, 2 in appendix) shown for coming new A380. This delivery is a real challenge to maintain the status at Roll_ Royce as a series of delays with the aircr aft official launch showed this year. How this does affected the quality management will be discussed next. Sources: Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Airbus Figure 3: Delivered aircraft value and units (2006-2025) Table 2: Long-haul large capacity aircrafts and turbine engine types Aircraft passenger capacity Output (to date) Engine Unit cost Changes and benefits Boeing 747-8 (400-500 passengers) 747 deliveries, 60% civil, 40% cargo. 747-8 to be launched in 2009 4 ц¦ GEnx-2B67 US$ 240 millions Reduced NOx emission, noise dB and better fuel efficiency. Boeing 767-400 (245-375 seats) 767 deliveries, most companies have favoured B 777 instead of B767-400. 2 ц¦ PW40xx or Rolls Royce RB 211 with reduced noise and emission Boeing 777 (300 pass) 791 ordered, 509 delivered. 2x PW 40xx RR Trent 8xx or GE 90-94B US$ 220-240 millions with reduced noise and emission Boeing 787 (220-300 seats) 482 (452 firm, 30*** pending). The sales will continue till 2014. 2 ц¦ GEnx or Trent 1000 US$ 140-188 millions 137 orders for Trent 1000, 170 orders for GNex Airbus 380 (pass 555-853) To date 166 orders from 15 customers. Expected sales of 750 jets A380s over the next 20 years at 420 jets for breakeven. 4 ц¦ GE/PW GP72xx or 4 x RR Trent 9xx US$ 296 316 millions 86 orders for RR Trent, 80 for GE72xx. Fuel consumption of 2.9 litres per passenger km the current industry average is 5 litres per passenger km. Airbus 350 (pass 270-350 seats) Planned from 2013. 2 ц¦ GE/PW GP72xx or CEnx or 2 x Trent XWB US$ 200-240 millions Engines will have a thrust of 75000-95000 lb Sources: Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Airbus. Trent is Roll_ Royce trademark for aeroengines. http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-aircraft-engines Another challenge is to reduce operations and unit costs. Cost of kerosene, which is main aircraft fuel, and other energy resources is continued growing within the industry, although it has achieved almost 50% improvements in fuel use in the last 20 years [1]. Advanced machinery and production tools offer further reduction of energy use to manufacture an aeroengine. If in the short term Roll_ Royce could invest in faster machinery or more productive workforce it could cut down the forward orders and thus optimise the production. In the long run, however, it would mean larger wage bills and higher risk of depreciation on the automated machinery. Cutting staff to reduce the costs by making people redundant is only really necessary if there is a major financial worry, which is the case for many airlines but not yet widely applicable for Rolls-Royce, who is moving production to more labour-effective countries. Therefore companys strategy, to increase quality and reduce waste products, seems to give the results. The production method itself will rely on quality of the product. Roll_ Royce at its current level of business operations has a high quality product, which needs to be maintained and improved continuously. In the long run it would be better but forward orders (Table 2, Appendix) could also decrease due to energy crisis. It would also lead to staff working longer hours and as a result staff morale decreases. Note that many airlines has either cut a number of flights or increased a fuel charge per passenger. This will affect new production orders from Rolls-Royce. One objective that could change for Roll_ Royce is to continue establishing themselves as a leading supplier in the four growing markets. Since the company has positioned itself in the key markets, it has substantial customers to get orders. If one market slows down, e.g. a civil aerospace department after the delay of A380 launch, it can fall back on the other three markets maintaining the business. A disadvantage of this strategy is the significant resources spent for employing experienced workers and management staff to keep the operations in these four markets. It is there Roll_ Royce would need to realign the core objectives to the global challenges to maintain the world-class operations and attract new shareholders. 2.4. Quality Management Within the factories Roll_ Royce manages complex production programmes with demanding technical requirements against stringent customer schedules and a capital intensive form of production, which allows products such as turbine engines to be made fast and all of the same quality. Failure to achieve sustainable quality goal would have significant financial implications for the Group. Car production facilities at Roll_ Royce have labour intensive operations due to handmade cars, causing it to be a far slower and more expensive process. Thus RR cars made by orders have an upper price and a market niche. When producing a product such as a jet engine Roll_ Royce employs a batch production method, which tends to be highly customised. It took several years for the company to change productions to lean system and receive an ISO certification. Quality at Roll_ Royce is intangible because of its world-renowned reputation for many years. The company employs three methods of quality testing. Firstly, Quality Control involves checking of the project at the end of production. But there is a drawback to this form of checking. If errors identified results in a waste being produced, this adds extra costs to operations. Another technique Quality Assurance is also employed at the production; however because there is more time taken on producing a product the cost of originally implementing the product although short term could be significant. As quality needs to be assured it means regular inspections need to be undertaken to ensure quality is achieved. Overall this is a better form of quality testing than quality control as changes can be made to product as it goes through production to increase quality. Final form of quality testing is Total Quality Management (TQM). It involves Building Quality In. All three of these methods of quality testing contribute to the overall quality produced by Rolls-Royce, which manufactures approximately 30 per cent by value of its gas turbine products and some 70 per cent is provided through external supply chains. Any quality failure happened in the supply chain would present a risk to the RRs ability to meet customer requirements and to achieve its financial goals. If quality is not met it could mean lack of sales due to reasons such as loss of reputation. It is not just Roll_ Royce that has to deal with quality. All businesses have to ensure they are producing quality goods otherwise people wont buy their products. A supporting infrastructure for quality management, a key element of world-class manufacturing, is an important element (Flynn, 1999). Roll_ Royce has an impressive investment plan totalling to more than  £3billion for advanced technology, capability and infrastructure, offering improved performance and better energy efficiency of products, environmentally friendly operations and long-term competitiveness.  £30million is spent annually on training and some  £250million is directed annually on capital projects. 2.5. Leadership Style and Management Culture Roll_ Royce has Democratic paternalistic style of management. Although the company has department it also has a management board, making all the decisions and having centralised power over company. An extreme management style is an authoritarian style, which would be noted in a military organisation such as Rolls-Royces military division. Another extreme in management style is a lasses-faire style that gives almost 100% control of a company to workers. Roll_ Royce is though none of the extreme management as it has CEO and a chairman who overlook all decisions. Styles of management are summed up in McGregors Theory Y and X. Another form of measuring management styles is through the Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum (Dawson, 2005). None of these theories has been fully taken at the company but it seems to be more towards the McGregor X theory of management, which has an important role of mangers and therefore it is further to the left (Fig. 4). It is thought that manger sells technique where people at the top make the decision but invite people questions. Degree of Workers Authority Degree of Manager Authority Rolls Royce Manager Manager Tells Delegates Allows people to function independently Makes a decision and announces it Fig. 4. Management style at Roll_ Royce Power culture dominates in the company because of its top-mangers. This type of culture is normally linked with an autocratic or authoritarian style of management. It is not solely a power culture as it has many leaders at the top where a position does play a role. However RR has many departments run by leaders that work under one brand name for one goal. A person-type culture can also be found inside Roll_ Royce as skilled employees are able to make their own decisions; however, it does not change much to the overall culture. This links to a hierarchy organisation that is a tall structure but it has a certain degree of openness between CEO and regular employee. 2.6. Communications Management Roll_ Royce is very process focused firm and it continues to reduce operating costs through standardisation but as ever IT, with investments to be at around 2.5% of sales, has been playing a significant role in Rolls-Royces growth, with strong project management and very aggressive timescales being the norm at the company. Roll_ Royce aims to implement a Global Supply Chain management structure at Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems which will allow them to consolidate commodity management and increase US dollar based proportion of a purchase bill. The ERP convergence programme has 18,000 SAP users and is allowing us to open up our capacity and improve effectiveness. A substantial CAD/CAM product lifecycle project was to cut design and development times on the back of technology and monitor a process change down to the second phase. The next stage of Rolls-Royces IT strategy will be nine major teams looking at pushing forward a global supply chain and engineering level. Increased globalisation of the business and advances in technology has resulted in more data being transmitted across global communication links, posing an increased security risk. This puts higher responsibility and risk for being attacked by competitors (The Times, December 3, 2007). Therefore, the company has a corporate IT department and the latest security technology responsible for data management at the company as well as communication specialists at each department. A global company may have certain language and cultural barriers if using a phone is the only way to contact a client. The company uses IT for e-mails. As aforementioned e-mails can have attachments, which makes sending images or documents far quicker and easier than by post. Other electronic devices such as telephones are used to record voicemail and a factory wide public address system to notify staff. However this form of communication is open, as it is not used for restricted information such as redundancies. Externally RRs business uses e-mail to place orders or inquire about business. However it isnt entirely fool proof if a company urgently needs to contact supplier e-mail, although may take a few days before it is read and replied too. Apart from contacting suppliers or customers Roll_ Royce has the website. It provides an alternative way of selling products and giving information away to the public such as potential buyers and shareholders. Dramatically increased IT and operations costs due to market growth and disruption caused by shortages of raw materials could diminish the RRs aims towards to operating and unit cost reduction at UK factories. 3. Conclusion The Roll_ Royce achievements indicated that WCM practices were related to competitive performance, and that the addition of new manufacturing and management practices has resulted in further improvements in competitive performance such as gas turbines assembly line replicated for four key markets and after-sales services, including training. The WCM implementation was recognized as having been an economic success by the company itself and by partner-businesses. Being a world-class company gives to Roll_ Royce a certain advantage on a stock market, where so-called alpha and beta investors do prefer using rather a traditional approach (quality of management and production) to analyse a financial performance of a company, than quantitative approach to investment analysis. Thus more investors do believe in RR, especially after a series of financial crunches on the world markets. Roll_ Royce aeroengines aims to maintain the no. 1 market position by offering industry leading technology at the best environmental and operational performance, minimising airline costs throughout a total product lifecycle, and innovative technical and business solutions maximising customer value. Combination of the technology and after-sales support has created the growing demand at stable price for the new engines. In my opinion, further improvements towards to the world-class require four components: Vision, Active Leadership Involvement, Hierarchy of Trained People, and Constancy of Improvement Activity. (3468 words excluding references) Bibliography Roll_ Royce and Shell has been attacked by Chinese Spies. The Times, December 3, 2007 Boeing Marketing Outlook, 2006. www.boeing.com Dawson, M. (2005). The Consumer Trap: Big Business Marketing in American Life. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07264-2. General Electrics. GEnx engine. www.geae.com/engines/ assessed on 10.06.2008 Ohno T., Toyota Production System, Productivity Press, Cambridge, MA, 1988. Roll_ Royce Aerospace Market Outlook, 2006. www.rolls-royce.com B. Flynn, R. S. (1997). World-class manufacturing project: overview and selected results. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 17 (7) , 671-685. Flynn, R. S. (1999). manufacturing: an investigation of Hayes and Wheelwrights foundation. Journal of Operations Management 17 , 249-269. Jonsson, P. (2001). Towards an holistic understanding of disruptions in Operations Management. Journal of Operations Management 18 , 701-718. Lind, J. (2001). Control in manufacturing A longitudinal case study. Management Accounting Research, 12 , 41-74. Maskell, B. (1991). Performance Measurement for Manufacturing-A Model for American Companies. Cambridge: Productivity Press. Testore, R. (1998). manufacturing demands suppiers . European Journal of Purchasing Supply Management 4 , 3-5.

Gays/Lesbians Essay -- Ethical Issues, Homosexuality

Homosexuality is a hotly debated issue in the United States but there are trends that are showing some normalization of the gay/lesbian lifestyle. The Census 2000, according to Lee Condon (2001), should be remembered as the first gay and lesbian census because the federal head-counters made a first attempt to count gay and lesbian households. When the data was released, it showed that 1.2 million same-sex, unmarried partners had been identified. Single gays and lesbians were left out of this part of the census count, but a study commissioned by the national gay lobby, Human Rights Campaign, estimated that Census 2000 undercounted gay and lesbian couples by a factor of 62 percent (Condon, 2001). Regardless of whether or not Census 2000 represented an accurate profile of the gay and lesbian families or partnerships, what was revealed in Census 2000 is that an â€Å"increasing number of American households are populated by gay or lesbian partners who have children from previous relati onships, adoption, or other procreative efforts† (Condon, 2001). What this data suggests is that there may be a gradual move toward the normalization of gay and lesbian partnerships or families. A 2001 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation revealed that more than 76% of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals believe that there is greater acceptance of their sexual orientation by the general public (Wellner, 2001). The survey also revealed that 73% of Americans believe that laws against hate crimes should include crimes against homosexuals and bisexuals, while 76% would support extending discrimination laws in employment to protect diverse sexual orientations. Wellner (2001) noted that support for â€Å"legally sanctioned gay and lesbian marriages appears to be increasin... ... conservative, ultra-right, and essentially fundamentalist Christian sectors in society, rejection of demands for additional protections for gays and lesbians are still imminent (Skover & Testy, 2002). In conclusion, while normalizing strategies have helped gay/lesbians gain some rights; it tends to reduce sexual differences into sexual identities which ignore the complexity of the issue and its intersectionality with social differences and various forms of inequality. Anti-normalization, which characterizes radical sexual resistance, on the other hand, challenges considerations of sexual morality and normalcy as well as is less centered around a politics of identity. Anti-normalization politics could take us beyond the concepts of identity and exclusion by encouraging a future in which new forms of sexual expression, relations and communities are welcomed.

Euso Disney Stakeholders

Euro Disney S. C. A Euro Disney S. C. A is a French public company that owns the well-known Euro Disneyland Paris. I have chosen to study this company because it was the subject of many controversies . The French society considers that by encouraging the American brand â€Å"Walt Disneyâ€Å" will unfortunately lead to `cultural imperialism`. French media and labor unions mounted protests against â€Å"Walt Disneyâ€Å" because the American managers tried to enforce specific rules without taking into consideration cultural differences.A journalist in the French newspaper â€Å"Le Figaroâ€Å" wrote, â€Å"I wish with all my heart that the rebels would set fire to Euro Disneyland. â€Å"[i] It is not easy at all to import a brand especially when USA and France have different cultural and economical backgrounds, codes, regulations and laws. I find it challenging to understand how Euro Disney S. C. A succeeded to pursue its goal and what assurances they gave to its stakeholders as the environment becomes more and more volatile. When we think about the concept of â€Å"stakeholdersâ€Å" we take into account everybody that has an interest (or `stake`) in the business.Stakeholder’s engagement is essential for every successful organization so Euro Disney focused on being transparent so that its stakeholders clearly understand its intentions. Working together with stakeholders will bring added value to the organization and this is the best alternative to understand what are the stakeholders` expectations and how the organization can meet his expectations by giving assurances. Being transparent and keeping a close relation with its stakeholders will always help Euro Disney to identify and prioritize the opportunities and risks.STAKEHOLDERS Euro Disney’s main goal is to make profit in order to reward its shareholders for the risk they took when investing in the business. The organization has to cooperate and engage not only with shareholders but with all stakeholders . There is impossible to classify which stakeholder is the most important because there is an interdependence relation among them. Shareholders are an essential part of the business because they invested at the beginning and took all the risks that came with the investment. In return they must have the assurance of being remunerated . `You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world but it requires people to make a dream realityâ€Å" (EURO DISNEY `s Annual Review, 2008, page 38). Every organization needs to hire people that will `make the dream come true`. Employees want to be given the assurance of secure jobs and remuneration. Moreover, they are a key part of the business so the company must prioritize people/employees after their skills, knowledge background and work experience. Euro Disney ` s interest is that all employees must to comply with its regulations if order to provide high quality services.This responsibility of co mpliance with regulations is not given only to employees because the organization must also comply with the French labor union’s agreements. Customers have a high impact on the organization’s evolution. The main assurance for them is that by the end of their journey to Disneyland Paris to have an immersive experience, to have enjoyed creativity and innovation and to have lived amazing adventures. Euro Disney has to keep in mind that customers have different tastes as long as they came from different cultural backgrounds so, updating their services can be a major factor to assure their success.There is a wide range of suppliers working with Euro Disney . On one hand we have food, drink and merchandise suppliers and on the other hand we have water and energy suppliers. The organization has to be committed to its relation with suppliers because suppliers` brand will be associated to the organization’s name and reputation. Suppliers want to have assurance for long à ¢â‚¬â€œterm contracts, payments if due dates while the organization is interested in their performance and the quality of their services. Shareholders invest money into the business but big companies such as Euro Disney S. C.A take long –term loans from banks to invest in new facilities. However, banks want to be assured that Euro Disney will pay back an interest rate and the loan . Disneyland Paris is located within eastern part of Paris. French Public Sector invested in the local infrastructure in order to give an incentive for Disneyland Paris to develop. Now, the Public Sector depends on taxes which are paid by Euro Disney S. C. A. The assurance of paying all the taxes is the main concern for the Public Sector. Euro Disney grew year after year and there was a need for expanding its services and investing more and more in new facilities.The Hotel Resort is a very good example that certifies the development of the organization but the assurance for the existence of this hot el depends on the success of Disneyland Paris. There will be no need for the Disney Hotel Resort if Disneyland will not exist anymore so there is interdependence between them.Thunderbird Case Studies ‘Euro Disneyland'† (PDF). www. thunderbird. edu. Retrieved March 5, 2007. ———————– EURO DISNEY S. C. A Suppliers Customers Employees Public Sector Banks Shareholders Hotel Resort & Support Service

How Does Steinbeck Present the Relationship Between George and Lennie in the Novel?

Steinbeck presents the relationship between George and Lennie by utilizing a number of literary techniques and devices, particularly in the first 3 section. The skilled and careful presentation of this relationship forms the foundation upon which almost all of the novella's prevailing themes are structured, from the preciousness of companionship to the futility of dreams (and, in particular, the so-called American Dream). The first paragraph focussing on the men (second paragraph, page 4) opens with the sentence: â€Å"They had walked single file down the path, and even in the open one stayed behind the other†.Immediately, Steinbeck portrays the essence of George and Lennie's relationship through this first quote about the men: that this relationship had a hierarchy; it was a leader-and-follower relationship, with one member guiding the other. The entire book revolves around this concept (George being Lennie's carer as Lennie cannot lead himself), so it is appropriate that Ste inbeck chooses this idea to be the cornerstone of the reader's understanding of their relationship.However, in order to avoid any assumption that one man was better than the other, Steinbeck dissolves the idea of a hierarchy immediately as he details the similarities between the two men, all of which refer to clothing and possessions, such as them both being â€Å"dressed in denim trousers and denim coats with brass buttons†, and having â€Å"black, shapeless hats† and â€Å"tight blanket rolls slung over their shoulders†.Through their sole similarities being material possessions, Steinbeck shows that these two men are completely equal in circumstance and situation, intensifying attention on and the significance of their physical and mental differences. Steinbeck follows this with detailed and highly contrasting descriptions of the two men. He first describes the leader, using words such as â€Å"small and quick†, â€Å"slender† and â€Å"sharpâ⠂¬ .This does not create the image of a traditional leader, a fact which is compounded with the description of a â€Å"huge man† with â€Å"wide, sloping shoulders† as his follower. Steinbeck uses these departures from convention to indicate that there is an alternative reason why the leader leads the follower other than the traditional case of the pack following the strongest member. It is obvious that, although Lennie is the stronger and bigger of the two, he is content following a man who is several degrees smaller than him. The reason behind this is hinted

Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas

Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas Using SCAMPER to Generate Article Ideas By Guest Author This is a guest post by Brad Painting. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. One of the great things about freelance writing is that you can invent your own projects and put your creative juices to the test. But what if your creative flow seems blocked, as writers so often lament? Writers block is actually just a matter of not asking yourself the right questions. Imagine that you have just written the article â€Å"5 Easy Steps to Greening Your Home† for a popular home magazine. You put forth your best information, and the editor was thrilled, but now you are wanting for ideas. How can you create a new piece without choosing an entirely new topic and doing heaps of research? The SCAMPER technique is just the solution to this dilemma. Editors note: SCAMPER is a problem solving technique created by Bob Earle and popularized by Michael Michalko in his book Thinkertoys. SCAMPER is an acronym for a set of actions that force you to ask yourself certain brainstorming questions. The letters of SCAMPER stand for Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Magnify, Put to Other Uses, Eliminate, and Reverse. You can perform any of these actions on any component of any product or process. Our product is the theme of an article. We could technically split the title â€Å"5 Easy Steps to Greening Your Home† into 6 components for every noun, pronoun, and adjective, but it may help to use the two components, â€Å"5 Easy Steps† and â€Å"Greening Your Home†. Lets take a walk through the SCAMPER process. Substitute. Replace one component with another. Focus on professional services, like HVAC cleaning, rather than do-it yourself jobs. Or write about the unique challenges of an apartment as opposed to a house: 5 Professional Services for Greening Your Home 5 Easy Steps to Greening Your Apartment Combine. Merge two components into one. You can fuse a new component with an existing one, or combine two existing components. Can you add qualities to the act of â€Å"greening† or to the object, â€Å"your home†? 5 Easy Steps to Green Your Home and Your Lifestyle 5 Easy Steps to Green and Add Value to Your Home Adapt. What components exist that are similar to current ones? Maybe much of your information also applies to commercial buildings: 5 Easy Steps to Greening a Small Business Magnify. Try playing with the size of a component. Inflate â€Å"5 Ways† to â€Å"20 Ways† or â€Å"Home† to â€Å"Neighborhood†. Alternatively, zoom in on one aspect of the house, such as refrigerator-efficiency: 20 Ways You Can Green Your Home 5 Ways You Can Green Your Neighborhood 5 Ways to Improve Your Refrigerators Efficiency Put to Other Uses. Towards what other markets can you tailor the article? Do these steps lower energy consumption, shaving down utility bills? Try writing from a financial rather than environmental standpoint: 5 Surefire Investments in Your Home Eliminate. What happens when you throw away a component? Is the topic too specific to appeal to enough readers? See what happens when you eliminate some words and tie up loose ends: 5 Ways to Be Green 5 Must-Do Home Improvements Reverse. Imagine reversing the order of components. Linguistically, this can lead to some creative outcomes, such as an ironic spin on your article: 5 Ways to Throw Away Household Energy. SCAMPER will not always produce unique or viable topics, but the idea is to generate possiblities so that you can pick and choose. One thing to consider when fleshing out possibilities is whether you can make an article unique enough to warrant an exclusive-rights license. If you would consider a certain adaptation plagiarism when done by another writer, you should not sell it as a unique piece yourself. You can, however, make small changes to increase your sales of usage-rights. If nothing else, SCAMPER will give you the assurance that you have exhausted the possibilities for an idea. Brad Painting is the author of the vocabulary site Word a Day Wonder, a site that embeds vocabulary in amazing facts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter35 Genres and Other Varieties of Fiction20 Ways to Cry

buy custom General Allotment Act essay

buy custom General Allotment Act essay Dawes Act, also referred to as the General Allotment Act came into force in 1887. It would also be called Dawes Severalty Act. This law authorized the US president to survey Indian ethnic land. He would then divide it in terms of allotments to individual Indians. The law has, however, been amended severally. For example, it got amendments in 1891 and 1906. Dawes Act was named after the senator, Henry Dawes, who sponsored. The main objective of the act, as stated, would be to assimilate Indians to American society. Owning land individually appeared to be one vital step. The government would also purchase the land owned by Indians and reserve it for settlement by people who were not Indians. A commission was set in 1893 not to help in administering Dawes Act, but get back five tribes that had been excluded from the act, yet were civilized. The commission needed to make the five tribes agree with the allotment plan. In 1908, the jurisdiction of Indian land, which was seen as tribal, bec ame destroyed by the Curtis Act. Dawes act 1881 was a federal law meant to make Native Americans become landowners and farmers through the provision of 160 acres for grazing and farming. Supporters of this law believed that this federal law would make Indians civilized by changing their lifestyle from nomadic to farming. They would no longer be treated as tribes, but rather like members. Native Americans were also to be given American citizenship. The Indian culture was, however, undermined by the law even though it was well intended. Their hunting rights became restricted since they could no longer hunt in the reserved lands. Most of the reserved land belonged to the whites after enactment of the law. According to Senator M. Teller, the law intended to open up Indian land to make it ready for resettlement. The government of United States has been unsuccessful in registering Native Indians even though it has put a lot of efforts, for several years. Dawes act 1887 was one of such efforts by U.S. government, while the Indians were suspicious of the Act because the government had previously relocated land in a clumsy way. Some Indians refused to register for fear of being punished. To be registered in the Dawes Act, Native Americans were required to change their names, or to anglicize them. A number of government agents, who were meant to administer the Dawes Act, put their relatives names to the Dawes Rolls. This made people, who did not deserve it, acquire several acres of land. Abuses of Dawes Act became revealed in the Miriam report. A group of prominent citizens and Native Americans was selected to investigate the allegations of abuse and corruption in the Dawes Act. This group was constituted of 1001 people. Massive misappropriation and fraud, by agents of the government, were reported. Discoveries were made that, at the time of Dawes Act, Indian land measured 138 million acres. However, this land became reduced to 47 million acres after the act was repelled. Repeal of this act came as a result of Miriam Report although the fraud and misappropriation that had occurred could not be restored. It was, however, agreed that the Indians would be compensated. They would receive credit fund, which was designed to encourage self sufficiency, as well as small businesses. The government started recruiting Native American Indians to work in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, established by the Indian courts. A mechanism was established to enable pooling of land by Indians. They would own land as a corporate entity. They would also purchase land, as well. It was discovered that, by 1954, the reorganization act was failing. The acts implementation became affected by corruption and in competencies brought about by Dawes Act. It was then that the Bureau of Indians Affairs without hesitation initiated phase of relocation and termination as part of the Act reorganization. Programs of IRA were no longer funded leading to several bankruptcies and dislocation among the natives. Sixty-one tribes also became unrecognized; thus losing government recognition leading to lack of government assistance. It is not yet well known whether this was an administrative idea, or it was simply a way to exploit Native Americans. Some of these Native Americans are to date fighting back for their rights. At one time, an Indian girl called Clinton who was the president by that time demanding an explanation as to why she did not have her heritage. The President told the girl that he was not aware of such a thing and that he would look into the matter. This girl came from Lumbee tribe, found in North Carolina consisting of at least 40,000 Indians. This tribe had been erased through relocation and termination act of 1954. The response was that the president was sorry but such a tribe did not exist according to the government. The government of United States granted citizenship to Native American Indians in 1924. It is well known that they had never enjoyed such a privilege in the past. In 1990, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act became enacted. It was signed by President Bush and the law aimed at bringing changes and clearing the mess, which had been made over 100 years ago. This law would protect Native craftsmen who lived in America by preventing counterfeit and several other things. The federal government, however, had to certify the Indian artisans to enable them sell their products. The act also defined an Indian as any person belonging to an Indian tribe or, a person certified to become an Indian artisan. Certification process brought a problem, as having been born to Indian parents was not enough to prove a persons tribe. It also proved difficult to trace a persons lineage. An applicant had to belong to a tribe that according to U.S government was an Indian tribe. As mentioned earlier, termination of the Act erased at least 61 Indian tribes. A persons parents must have been recognized by the government of United States as Indians. The problem arose in that it was difficult for the Native Americans to obtain documents due to the confusion that was brought by Dawes Act, and the termination of the Act. Again, the conditions that prevailed in the third world countries were hrsh; hence it was difficult to obtain documents that would show to which tribe a person belonged given the fact that several tribes existed simultaneously. Several Indians, who are genuinely artisans, cannot obtain certification easily under the Indian Arts and Crafts Act simply because their tribes got erased long ago. Authority does not exist to enable them to become certified even if they deserve to be certified artisans. Many Indian families who depended on artisan for a living had their livelihood confiscated following enactment of the act by the United States government. Those artisans who do not obey the law risk being fined money amounting to one million. They also get imprisoned for fifteen years. Groups or corporations who do not follow the regulations get fined an amount of money totaling to five million. Most Indian artisans cannot compete effectively. Jeanne Walker is one example of Indian artisans who cannot participate in Indian Heritage Competition since she has been barred by the government of United States. She has been an expert for a long time and has even won several awards. She cannot participate because her relati ves, family, and ancestors were frauds, according to the law. Indian artisans also find difficulties while getting registered based on ethnic heritage. This process reminds them of the olden days when their rights had been based on blood quantities. The method was used to control non-whites living in South Africa. The process was referred to as Certification of Degree of Indian Blood. Indians became tired of getting registered, deregistered and eventually erased administratively as a result of corruption and incompetent bureaucracy. This idea leads to ethnic cleansing, thus diving Native Americans by stating that some are certified while others are not. This division brings a lot of tension because people who should be united get divided by the law. Many Native Americans who were not registered continued practicing the ancestral art; hence defying the legislation. These people are currently doing the art as American citizens but not as American Indians. They earned these constitutional rights after fighting for them painfully. An Art and Craft Act for Indians should indeed protect them rather than disenfranchise individuals in terms of their culture and heritage. For advanced civilization, Indians had to own land individually rather than communally. However, Indians were quick to resist this as it meant land grabbing by those called reformers. The Indians were finally denied land, which later became occupied by white settlers. The new policy also intended to kill the Indian culture. Americans believed that Native American culture lacked value, and since Indians did not appear to understand this, they had to be forced to accept Whites culture, which was superior to theirs. An integrated society was vital in comparison with several separate cultures. This is what was referred to as assimilation. Most Indians in America had been affected by the military and they mainly relied on aid from the U.S government. The reformers were, therefore, lucky since they would reward good Indians who could not resist their demands. In 1883, polygamy, medicine making, sun dance and bridal payment became illegal. The whites viewed these cultural practices as anti progressive that hindered civilization. Many Native Americans in Kiowa, Cheyenne and Comanche who were prisoners got exiled in Florida. One of the army officers supervising them came up with an idea that these people needed civilization through education. The government supported his idea, and he was funded to establish a boarding school in Carlisle where Indian children would attend classes. This idea was referred to as killing the Indian and saving the man. The aim was, however, to kill the Indian culture by enrolling Indian children to white classes where they would learn a superior culture. In school, children were not allowed to speak in Indian language. They could also not contact their families for them to forget the primitive culture. Military lines would run these schools. Therefore, obedience was expected at all times and timetabled routine had to be followed. Discipline was considered paramount. Native American beliefs became replaced by the Christianity. The first half of learning was meant for education, and the other half was devoted for industrial training. Sessions referred to as outings were also developed. Here, children would visit white families locally as a way of encouraging cultural assimilation. The children would also be given American names such as John, Maggie among others. New European settlers arrived at the Eastern border, where most Native Americans were settled. The government believed that it would face Indian problem since these communities were different from the whites and living together would have caused chaos. Indian commissioner, therefore, proposed the establishment of colonies for the natives. The U.S government decided to uproot the Native Americans so as to settle the European Americans. They argued that the reason behind this was to protect the new European settlers from the evil ways of the Natives. This policy led to many deaths and sufferings due to resistance by the Native Americans. Each tribe was eventually allotted a piece of land with protection against their territories. Treaties were signed in negotiation for this allotment. Mixed emotions became stirred among the Americans because of tribal organizations of the Native Americans who had hereditary chiefs. These chiefs used Indian traditions in exercising their power. Many Ame ricans feared the Native American organizations and they, therefore, advocated for reforms. The Native Americans were opposed to the most of changes as they thought it would weaken their positions. A top priority for governments agenda was civilization through assimilation. They wanted an independent agricultural society. Enactment of Dawes Act aimed at accomplishing six main objectives. The first objective was breaking the tribes into social units. Individual initiatives were also to be encouraged. The Act also aimed at reducing the administrative cost spent on the Native Americans in order to progress the farmers. Part of the land was to be reserved as Indian land. Finally, the Dawes Act aimed at opening the remaining land so that European settlers would maximize their profits. The American government allotted reservations even without the consent of Native American Indians. This forced them to become Euro Americanized, which they did not like. Native Americans had ideologies regarding their land. They cared for and they valued it because of its ability to sustain their lives. The land was also valued as it produced all the things that they required. It was the source of their existence and it gave them a sense of belonging. Unlike the Americans and Europeans, they did not value land for its economic standpoint. However, to ensure their survival, the natives had to surrender to the progression forces. They needed to adopt American values since Americans constituted the majority in the society. They found it difficult, however, to view land as a real estate that could be developed after being purchased. They also needed to learn how to use their land effectively and efficiently in order to prosper in farming. The American government wanted the Native America ns to become self supporting citizens who did not have to be supervised by the government. According to the Dawes Act, the head of the family would be entitled to 160 acres of land. An orphan or a single person, on the other hand, would receive 80 acres and those below the age of 18 would receive 40 acres of land. An Indian who had adopted American values was to be bestowed with U.S citizenship. A member of a tribe would be subjected to laws of their territory. There was to be a secretary who would ensure distribution of irrigation water equally among all the existing tribes. The Act did not apply to Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Miamies, Peorias, and Seminoles territories. The Act was amended in 1881 when it failed to meet the quantities allocated to each individual originally. It also stated that grazing land should be allocated and allotted in double terms. The amendment also gave the criteria to be followed in case of inheritance. Burke Act provided that the Secretary of Interior had the power to force title of land on an Indian. Native Americans obtained American cit izenship after accepting the allotted land. Land that was allocated to Indians was not taxed. Again, Burke Act was not applicable to Indian territories (Murrin, 2010). Dawes Act affected Native Americans negatively in that they lost the valued communal holding of land. This Act was followed by Curtis Act 1898 that dissolved tribal governments including the tribal courts. Land owned by Native American Indians was reduced significantly. Americans wanted to strengthen the nuclear family ties. Allotment of land that was meant to be sold, later in future, started being sold to non-native buyers. Profits obtained from the sales of these lands assisted in funding programs meant to aid Native American Indians. However, the Native Americans did not benefit from the profits earned, instead they were left landless. Any land belonging to an incompetent Indian would be leased to the federal government by the Secretary of the Interior since he had been authorized to do so. An allottee would be free to decide whether to keep his land or to sell it. They could not get credit or a ready market, and liquidation of their land became inevitable. The Interior departmen t knew that eventually, most Indian land, under free patent, would be sold to the whites. Allotment policy ended hunting since the land base became depleted. Most Indian men took up roles that previously belonged to women. Their gender roles changed since they were used to communal living. Women could no longer take care of the land, and they did not receive recognition in political spheres. Native women depended on their husbands for survival. Before the land became allotted, women possessed necessary social and political status since they helped in kin networking. For a woman to receive 160 acres of land it was necessary to be married officially. Conclusion In conclusion, a problem arose when it came to the certification process. Having been born to Indian parents was not enough to prove a persons tribe. It also proved difficult to trace a persons lineage. An applicant had to belong to a tribe that according to U.S government was an Indian tribe. As mentioned earlier, termination of the Act erased at least 61 Indian tribes. A persons parents must have been recognized by the government of United States as Indians. The problem arose in that it was difficult for the Native Americans to obtain documents due to the confusion that was brought by Dawes Act, and the termination of the Act. Again, the conditions that prevailed in the third world countries were harsh; hence it was difficult to obtain documents that would show to which tribe a person belonged taking into account the fact that several tribes existed at that time. It has also been discussed that under Dawes Act reserved land became allotted to individual Indians. The excess of land that was not allotted was eventually sold to the whites with permission from the tribes. An Indian whose land was held in trust was not included in the US jurisdiction. Such people would also get full American citizenship. People considered Dawes Act to be an important one as some families benefited from the profits earned following the sale of the land, which had not been allotted. The value of land owned by Indians increased as ranches, farms, roads, businesses, municipal governments, among other services developed. The initial intentions of the act were admirable as the Indian lands would generate money that would help in developing counties, schools, and states. When the congress failed to assimilate Native Americans into American society, several problems became created to the reservation residents. The reorganization act 1934 is the one that created economic and political systems, which remain to date. The Dawes Act failed due to corruption of the government agents and resistance from the Indians. Buy custom General Allotment Act essay

Study Skills for Intermediate Level Language Learners

Study Skills for Intermediate Level Language Learners Learning any language takes practice - lots of practice! Often, its difficult to know what you should practice. Should you watch a video? Perhaps, it would be a good idea to do a few quizzes. Of course, you should try to speak English with your friends. All of these are great ideas, but its also important to build a routine. A routine will help you make studying English a habit. Thats the best way to improve your English! Make Learning a Habit Its important to be exposed to many different areas every day. However, you shouldnt try to study too many different subjects. These suggestions take a short listening and reading as the basis for daily practice. You are trying to learn many new things, so dont try to learn too much in any one area too quickly! Practice Routine Listen - 15 minutes: You can enhance your listening skills through specific strategies.Read - 15 minutes: Choose a subject you like to read about and read for fun.Improve your vocabulary - 10 minutes: Take five minutes to write down all the new words you find in your listening and reading exercises. Keep a notebook, and write in the translation in your native language.Grammar - 10 minutes: Think about what you are studying in English class (if you are taking it). Or, if you are studying by yourself, take out your grammar book and find one grammar point to review. Take a quick look at the grammar and then think about the listening and your reading. Did you hear or read these forms? How were they used?Speaking - 5 minutes: It is very important to move your mouth and speak! Even if you only speak to yourself. Take five minutes and speak out loud (not silently). Try to quickly summarize what you listened to and what you read. Can you do it? Of course, its better if you can do this with a friend. Find a friend and study together a few times a week. You can practice together. Thats it! Approximately 45 minutes a day, every day - or at least four times a week! If you continue to do this, you will be surprised at how quickly your English improves!

Manufacturing Overhead Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manufacturing Overhead - Assignment Example They are used to apply overhead cost throughout the production period. The main reasons why a company would develop predetermined overhead rates would be that; the manager would like to know the accounting system’s valuation of completed jobs before the end of the accounting period. Predetermined overhead rates simplify the organizations record keeping by just simple circulations. Even though an increase in overhead rates leads to lower profits, the introduction of automated QA system replaces the QC inspectors which represent the direct labor. Overhead increases and the direct labor decreases. This leads to an increase in the predetermined overhead rate mainly if it is based on direct labor. Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a powerful decision making tool which is generally used for understanding products, customer costs and profitability based production process. ABC was started in the year 1980s due to the increasing relevance of the traditional cost accounting method. This methodology of ABC if deployed in Borealis Company it will enable the manager to identify the organizations activity with resources to all products and services according to their actual consumption. It assigns more indirect costs to direct costs compared to the convectional costing methods. Borealis organization will have the benefit of more accurate decision making techniques. The manager will be able to decisively estimate the cost elements of all the organization’s products and services and eliminating those products and services that are less profitable and lower the price of those products that are overpriced. Good production strategies can easily evaluated in calculations. The use of t he QC system in the organization can easily be analyzed and the manager will have a strong base on deciding if QC system was the right idea in the production process compared to the 10 QC inspectors. The company will not

Design Patterns Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design Patterns - Research Paper Example This notification can encompass particular information and facts regarding the topic of the notification. However, the subject can eliminate any of the observers from the list when there is no need for a specific observer to be informed regarding these events or changes with respect to the matter they are registered with the subject. They are used when there is need maintaining constancy and reliability between connected objects while not affecting coupling characteristics of classes. For instance, these patterns can be used when an object needs to be able to inform other objects without having suppositions on the subject of those objects. Moreover, the observer pattern consists of the following elements (Osmani, 2012): Subject: This component is responsible for managing the operation related to observers, such as facilitating, eliminating, or adding observers into the list (Osmani, 2012). Observer: This component is responsible for offering an up to date interface for observers that need to be informed regarding any change (Osmani, 2012). Concrete Subject: This component is responsible for managing transmission and notifications to objects regarding changes to state. It also maintains the state of ConcreteObservers (Osmani, 2012). ConcreteObserver: This component is responsible for establishing and maintaining a reference to the ConcreteSubject. In addition, it also implements a modern interface for the observer to make sure that state is compatible with the subject (Osmani, 2012). Advantages The observer patterns allow software development teams to think effectively about the associations among various elements of software application (Osmani, 2012; Toal, 2012). These patterns also allow software engineers to recognize what application layers have straight associations which could be alternatively replaced with a set of observers and subjects. In this scenario, these patterns can be effectively employed for splitting a software application into a number of sm aller, more freely joined components with the purpose of improving code maintenance as well as competency for re-use (Osmani, 2012; Sud, 2013). These patterns are useful for establishing and maintaining a one-to-many dependency between objects (Marakana Inc., 2013). These patterns provide an excellent communication mechanism for instance, when there is a change in the state all the related objects are notified automatically (Marakana Inc., 2013) Disadvantages As discussed above, these patterns support for decoupling however by decoupling various objects, it can frequently turn out to be hard to get assurance that specific components of a software application are working as they are expected to do (Osmani, 2012; Pierry, 2013). It is believed that in these patterns subscribers are relatively unaware of the subsistence of each other as well as are sightless to the price of switching publishers. Hence, because of this dynamic association between objects, it is difficult to track the upd ate dependence (Osmani, 2012; Sud, 2013). 2. The Factory Pattern The Factory pattern is also one of the most important creational patterns, which is concerned with the concept of developing objects. However, it differentiates with other patterns of the base of a property and that is it doesn't openly require software engineers to make use of use of a constructor. On the other hand, a Factory provides software engineers

Aviation Safety System Management Program Research Paper

Aviation Safety System Management Program - Research Paper Example In the modern dispensation of the aviation industry, SMS has become a legal requirement for any airline operator before they can fully be registered to fly passengers. These systems are used to proactively prevent occurrences of incidents and accidents, managing chances of the occurrences and to provide a baseline for investigation purposes in case of any occurrences. This paper partly engages renowned safety analysis cases in the aviation industry while consolidating information on the need for SMS, its basics and hoe to typically design such a system for an aviation operator within all the relevant considerations as mandated by the law. However, the information contained in this paper is just for purposes of creating a foundation for further research and investigation and the systems will be dependent on the organizational needs and structures. This research paper shall engage an in-depth analysis of the concept of Safety Management System (SMS) especially within the considerations of the aviation industry with a close reference to previous renowned safety analysis case works in an attempt to try and consolidate information on the actual need for and how to create an effective SMS for purposes of safety sensitization and education in the daily operations of most organizations, the airline industry specifically (Shappel & Wiegmann, 2000). In the same regard, the best approach to take in this case is to first establish the basics of SMS with a close niche of the real life experiences using the numerous information available on this topic and typically, before setting out to elucidate the approach on how to create them, there is need to inform the whole process based on previous evidence and analysis. For a start, a Safety Management Systems (SMS) is a framework, which is principally formal and systematically indicates how to proactively identify risks and

Software Process Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Process Models - Essay Example this scenario, the hospital will be using this information system to keep a record of the patient, such as their personal information, information regarding their disease and so on. The software development team has decided to adopt prototyping model for the development of this information system. This approach will allow the software development team to build a prototype of the system in order that the users of the system could identify the working of the proposed system. Basically, the majority of system analysts nowadays makes use of prototypes all the way through the system design. A prototype is a functioning model of the planned system (Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). The system analyst basically constructs a useful structure of the solution throughout the design. Prototyping allows the software development team to develop a functional system quickly and reasonably for end users to weigh up. By communicating with the prototype users can search out an improved suggestion of the information requirements. The prototype authorized by the users can be used as a model to build the ultimate system. In this scenario, the prototype can be acknowledged as a functioning adaptation of software or an element of the software, but it is intended to be no more than a development model. Additionally, once prepared, the prototype will be additionally developed until it obeys the rules accurately to user’s requirements. Once the design has been completed, the prototype can be transformed into a sophisticated development system. The method of developing a foundational design, making use of it, refining it and trying again has been acknowledged an iterative method of systems development for the reason that the steps essential to develop a system can be repetitive over and over again (Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000). In addition, prototyping is further openly iterative than the traditional life cycle, and it

Teaching Adults with Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching Adults with Autism - Essay Example 4. critical and self-critical likeness on the outcome of points 1-3 and building decisions for the next cycle of action research proposal, i.e. revising the sketch, followed by action, scrutiny and mirror image, etc. A discussion of the draft submissions from members of the Expert Groups, for the purpose of bringing together the various themes of the Review, in consideration of the questions offered by the Lay Group. Technical action research proposal for teaching adults with autism aims to get better efficacy of educational or executive practice. The practitioners are co-opted and depend deeply on the researcher as a catalyst. Practical action research proposal, in addition to efficacy, aims at the practitioners' accepting and professional growth. Being a researcher my role is Socratic and to encourage practical thought and self-reflection on the part of the practitioners. To integrate the proposed study of perception-movement-action, as a unity, in the teaching programmes at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in PESLS and Psychology and other related departments with autism in the [Name of Institution]. Assisted by the outer ... Research Strategies Assisted by the outer visitors, the Review Members tasked with developing a broad, forward-looking policy for teaching adults with autism research in the UK. It will be useful to move toward this through classification of - Strategic research questions building on the Review's earlier work integrating perspectives of researcher and users - Appropriate (and inappropriate) methodologies to address those questions Methodologies 1. I have established three Expert Subgroups to cover the areas of: - Epidemiology and case definition for teaching adults - Physiology and infections with autism - Psychology and behaviour of adults during study 2. The Subgroups reported to the overall Chairman of the Review through the Subgroup chairmen. Information shared across the Subgroups, the steering group and to officers, as well as to the Students Counsel Group. The work of the group was otherwise being confidential. 3. The Lay Group have observers on the Expert Subgroups. The Lay members roles are to Advise on effective ways for lay and parental participation in the review; Throw in to the work of the Expert Subgroups, particularly through identifying coherent sets of questions to be put to the my researchers team; Advise on effective reporting and dissemination of the review so that it can address the needs of both the Department of teachers and the wider student counsels. 4. Department Head Office was supporting the work of the group in particular its meetings, which was minuted in brief. 5. The concerned department had also established an e-mail list for communications and a list of information resources. 6. School Head Office was responsible for communicating the work and findings of my

Critical Review on Shelby Lee Adams's Photography Essay

Critical Review on Shelby Lee Adams's Photography - Essay Example His works have also been published in two volumes. The photography of Shelby Lee Adams presents people in their normal lives and environment capturing their way of life. Adams has captured people in their families showing the importance of family. The photography of Shelby Lee Adams has captured a representational and hegemonic way of thinking about the Appalachian community. For instance, the photographs reveal information about poverty, family life and illiteracy. Most of Adams’ photography shows the subjects in their real world situations enjoying the attention from the camera. The manner in which Adams captures his subjects reveals a lot about them. He has captured the social life of his subjects in a clear manner. Adams’ pictures promote a hegemonic way of thinking about poverty in Appalachian society. The photographs present subjects and families that seem to be in consensus with their poor conditions. His pictures show large extended families that live in primiti ve conditions especially in rural places. For example, the picture that shows the Napier family in 1989 show two old people with three other young adults. Napier family, 1989 The picture clearly shows that the Napier family is poor. The look of their dresses reveals that there are not rich families. For example, one of the sons, standing next to the father, on the left side of the photo has no shirt. He has a pair of trousers that is dirty and has sticky substances at the knees. The wall where they are standing is old with worn out wood pieces. The viewer cannot tell whether the photo was taken in the house or outside judging by the poor conditions around the subjects. The faces of these people show a smile clearly meant for the camera moment. These photos present the sad picture of the Appalachian community from the 1950s to the 1990s. They show the poverty and dilapidated conditions

Teaching Adults with Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching Adults with Autism - Essay Example 4. critical and self-critical likeness on the outcome of points 1-3 and building decisions for the next cycle of action research proposal, i.e. revising the sketch, followed by action, scrutiny and mirror image, etc. A discussion of the draft submissions from members of the Expert Groups, for the purpose of bringing together the various themes of the Review, in consideration of the questions offered by the Lay Group. Technical action research proposal for teaching adults with autism aims to get better efficacy of educational or executive practice. The practitioners are co-opted and depend deeply on the researcher as a catalyst. Practical action research proposal, in addition to efficacy, aims at the practitioners' accepting and professional growth. Being a researcher my role is Socratic and to encourage practical thought and self-reflection on the part of the practitioners. To integrate the proposed study of perception-movement-action, as a unity, in the teaching programmes at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in PESLS and Psychology and other related departments with autism in the [Name of Institution]. Assisted by the outer ... Research Strategies Assisted by the outer visitors, the Review Members tasked with developing a broad, forward-looking policy for teaching adults with autism research in the UK. It will be useful to move toward this through classification of - Strategic research questions building on the Review's earlier work integrating perspectives of researcher and users - Appropriate (and inappropriate) methodologies to address those questions Methodologies 1. I have established three Expert Subgroups to cover the areas of: - Epidemiology and case definition for teaching adults - Physiology and infections with autism - Psychology and behaviour of adults during study 2. The Subgroups reported to the overall Chairman of the Review through the Subgroup chairmen. Information shared across the Subgroups, the steering group and to officers, as well as to the Students Counsel Group. The work of the group was otherwise being confidential. 3. The Lay Group have observers on the Expert Subgroups. The Lay members roles are to Advise on effective ways for lay and parental participation in the review; Throw in to the work of the Expert Subgroups, particularly through identifying coherent sets of questions to be put to the my researchers team; Advise on effective reporting and dissemination of the review so that it can address the needs of both the Department of teachers and the wider student counsels. 4. Department Head Office was supporting the work of the group in particular its meetings, which was minuted in brief. 5. The concerned department had also established an e-mail list for communications and a list of information resources. 6. School Head Office was responsible for communicating the work and findings of my

Leadership and Motivation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Leadership and Motivation - Research Paper Example Through the study, I will try to reciprocate my viewpoints with the theoretical argument presented by various research scholars and academic sources. I will take conjectural view rather being subjective about the research topic hence the argument will be backed by academic sources. In the last section of the paper, I will discuss my career goals and necessary leadership skills that I need to develop in order to go beyond my current skill set. Key essence of this report will be to prepare a road map which will not only guide me throughout the life and increase level of knowledge through learning. My Idea about Leadership According to me, for any student doing graduation, the subject called leadership offers a lot than what he/she realizes. As I am having double in Business and Computer Science during graduation hence I got the chance to go through some invaluable research work regarding leadership. To be honest, I hardly have any idea about role of leadership in our life prior to joining the graduate degree program but it was the sincere teaching and pedagogy of teachers of university which has helped me to understand certain aspect of leadership. During my study in the graduate program, I was greatly influenced by the research work of Vardiman, Houghston and Jinkerson which was published in the year 2006. For example, as Vardiman, Houghston and Jinkerson (2006) argued that capable leaders do not have superhuman capability but they have the capability to motivate people and encourage subordinates to move in his/her direction. I believe that leadership is not a mere skill and neither can it be develop ed among people overnight. Day (2002) rightly defined leadership as inherent characteristics of person which encourages others to follow that person. I also agree with the argument presented by researcher scholars that person must have some characteristics in order to become a leaders. To be precise, I will not go to the discussion about types of leadership styles rather I will try to stick to four leadership and motivational style that I am currently best at. Leadership & Motivational Skills Ability to Take Responsibilities & Showing Respect I am fortunate due to the fact that none of my friends and relatives have blamed me for lack of courage to take responsibilities. I am not person who falters when it comes to taking responsibility in contingent period. Argument may arise that how taking responsibility in complex situation is related to leadership skill but my answer is that responsibility taking ability is the special characteristics of leaders which differentiate him/her from followers. To justify my viewpoint, I will share the empirical findings of research work of Maxwell (2012), that states that leaders need to take responsibilities of their decision in emergent situation which in order to earn respect and trust from followers. Maxwell (2012) pointed out that ability to take responsibilities comes from self belief of leaders and such beliefs help them to encourage and motivate others to work under his/her direction. In modern business world, we have seen plenty of examples where business leaders take the responsibility to bring change in the organization. During my graduation, in many occasions, I took the responsibilit

Combat Strategies of Pizza Hut Essay Example for Free

Combat Strategies of Pizza Hut Essay In the past, Pizza Hut is an outstanding restaurant, especially in offering different style of pizza. Pizza Hut is still a unique restaurant in the early 90’s. Therefore, competitors haven’t existed yet. However, Pizza Box has already existed that became Pizza Hut’s competitor. Recently, there are more and more choices for people to choose when they want to eat pizza. For instance, California Pizza, Saizeriya Italian Restaurant, Pizza Express etc. They are not only offering similar food as pizza hut, some of them may even sell their food at a more affordable price. Apart from the growing number of restaurants, there are more restaurants offering food delivery service. For example, McDonald, Pizza Box, Cheese Pizza, Yoshinoya, Sushi One etc. There are various choices and even different style of cuisine for customers to choose. Customers can just order their food by phone or internet which is really convenient. In order to combat the competitors, Pizza Hut has adopted several strategies on indoor dinning service and pizza delivery service. We think the key combating strategies of Pizza Hut is that it keeps creating and promoting new style of pizza with efficient marketing strategies. New product may attract customers as some of the customers may feel bored about the original style of pizza and willing to try new things. The marketing strategies of Pizza Hut are effective as it promoted their new style of pizza through different ways. For instance, it showed advertisements on television, posted posters in public area and sent leaflet. People keep receiving message about the new dishes of Pizza Hut. People will be more likely to think of Pizza Hut when they are wondering what to eat. As a result, Pizza Hut focused on the marketing tactics and development of new dishes. Pizza Hut allowed customers to make their choices according to their interest. Basically, customers can choose to have thin or thick layer of the pizza base. They can even pay extra money for mozzarella cheese stuffed into the edge of the pizza. Moreover, customers can also create their own pizza by choosing the ingredients they like. Furthermore, Pizza Hut offers free refill of soft-drinks. This can attract soft-drinks’ lover, especially teenagers. On the other hand, Pizza Hut create pizza card. Customers who got pizza card can enjoy 20% discount. Sometimes, they may also cooperate with banks. Customers who got specific credit card can enjoy the discount. The special offers mentioned above can attract more customers because it can help Pizza Hut to gain loyal customers and repeated business. Pizza Hut provided an efficient set menu in the restaurant. In the set menu, dishes are bundled and packaged together. They are usually divided into set menu for 2 people, 4 people and 6 people. Some of the customers, especially those who are in a group, like the set menu of Pizza Hut since the set menu can give suggestions and recommendation on dishes that are suitable for them. It is convenient for them to make decisions on what to eat. Moreover, it can also bring advantages to Pizza Hut since the service and kitchen team can have a better management. Servers can recommend customers to try dishes that they might not normally order. It brings benefits for both service and kitchen teams, since it is easier to predict what the customers will choose and chefs can distribute the workload among kitchen station more evenly. Therefore, the food and service can be maintained in a high quality. Apart from the set menu, Pizza Hut also provide A la Carte menu. The A la Carte of Pizza Hut included various choices of food and beverages. Therefore, customers can choose what they want to eat from those various dishes. Pizza Hut can also promote their signature dishes more easily. Pizza Hut aims to provide efficient and high quality pizza delivery service. To achieve their goal, they focus on the design of the delivery bags and the supervision of efficiency. Customers concerned about the efficiency of food delivery service. Pizza Hut will supervise the delivery efficiency through advanced system and make sure the food will deliver to the destination on time. There are more than 900 deliverers in Hong Kong and they will deliver the food to the destination through the most efficient and direct route. Furthermore, there are 500 telephone operators which make sure that there are adequate operators to receive customer’s order calls. The design of the delivery bags helps to maintain the quality of food. Pizza Hut named their delivery bag as â€Å"Heat Bag†. There are heat device in the delivery bags which can keep the food hot and fresh during the delivery process. Then, the food quality can be maintained when the customers received their food. To sum up, Pizza Hut can project its characteristics and maintain the quality of food through their combating strategies. Although there are numerous competitors, Pizza Hut is able to survive in the market.

Trip to Japan Essay -- essays research papers

It was May 25, 2001. What was clear however, was the fact that I was soon going to be on my own in a country where I did not know the language or the people that I would be meeting there and staying with. The adrenaline rushed through me as I packed the last of my things and ran out of the door. I closed the door to my house and jumped in the car. The idea of leaving America and going to Japan seemed to really not have hit me yet, but now that I look back I know that I had to feel it. I think that the things that I was feeling was such a blob of mixed emotions that I really did not know how to feel so I will just say that I was excited. At the airport I met my best friend and two other friends of mine from school. We would all be traveling together, most all the time. The only things th...

Carbohydrates :: essays research papers

Introduction:Carbohydrates are molecules that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. The most basic sugar- carbohydrate is the monosaccharide. Carbohydrate molecules are categorized by the number of carbons present in the molecule. Glucose, the most common monosaccharide has six carbons per molecule, which is called a hexose. Carbohydrates also have a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio. This aids in the condensation and hydrolysis reactions. A condensation reaction occurs when two monosaccharides join by the removal of H2O. During condensation synthesis one monosaccharide losses an OH and the other losses a H. As a result the two monosaccharides bond by forming maltose a disaccharide with a by-product of a free H2O. When three or more monosaccharides or monomer are involved in a condensation synthesis a polymer or polysaccharide is formed with a by product of water. Starch and Glycogen are two common chain polymers.Just as the removal of water joins carbohydrates together via condensation synthesis, hydrolysis is the reaction using water to break apart Di and polysaccharide. A Di-saccharide is bound by sharing an oxygen with one hydrogen on each opposing side. When H2O is re-introduced via hydrolysis the two monomers in the disaccharide no longer need to share one H2O, and as a result the opposing sides absorb the OH and H and break apart. This reaction is a common theme in the digestion of complex carbohydrates.Experiment 3: Test for SugarsWe will test five different solutions for presence or absence of reducing sugars using a premixed Benedict's reagent. These dependent variable solutions will be water, glucose , onion juice, potato juice, and starch suspension. When the Benidict's reagent is combined with sugars at a boiling temperature, a color reaction will occur. Our independent variable, Benidict's reagent color is blue.The negative control will be the combination of water and Benidict's reagent. This sample will undergo all the steps of the test except for the one being tested for i.e. sugars. If the end result is negative color change (blue) , it will thus be determined that the experiment and the Benidict's reagent is not contaminated and the experiment may proceed. The negative control will also serve as a comparison to gauge against the color change in the other four sugar tests.EXPERIMENT 3: Test for Sugars: TESTS MAT. & METHODS HYPOTHESIS RESULTSTube 1 1cm water+2cm Benidict's reagent. No color changeNegative control no color change. Neg-sugar. BlueTube 2 1cm glucose solution+ 2cm Benidict's reagent.

The play “A Doll House” Essay

A Doll House Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the play, A doll house, it is clear that there is imbalance of power between Nora and her husband Helmer. The husband goes to work and earns for the family while the wife is left at home to do the chores. This brings about the theme of gender inequality. It is also clear that the writer puts more emphasis on the looks of Nora than those of her husband; this shows how the society views men and women differently. The husband is also displayed as being questionable about how the wife is spending the money on gifts even without considering that its Christmas time and they can now afford it from the salary he is getting. If Nora had not been that beautiful, may be Helmer would not have married her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The writer of this book emphasizes much on gender inequality, there is also the aspect of the very many lies that couple keep in their marriages in order to keep them alive which in most of the cases end up being the reason for the separation. There is also the aspect of man eat man society, Krogstad uses Nora in order to retain his job threatening her for a favor he had done a long time ago. At the end of the play, Nora feels her husband had taken her like a doll only to be admired for its beauty and that he did not trust her and therefore she left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The economic factors have really affected the society in a doll house especially the women to an extent of their ideas and choices about their marriages.  Nora illegally borrowed money for the trip that she and Torvald took to Italy; she told Torvald that the money had come from her father. For years, Nora reveals, she has worked and saved in secret, slowly repaying the debt, and soon it will be fully repaid. This money was borrowed through Krogstad’s help and when Helmer wanted to sack him,he asks Nora to use her influence to ensure that his position remains secure. When she refuses, Krogstad points out that he has in his possession a contract that contains Nora’s forgery of her father’s signature. Their conversation reveals that the two had been once deeply in love, but Mrs. Linde left Krogstad for a wealthier man who would enable her to support her family. She tells Krogstad that now that she is free of her own fa milial obligations and wishes to be with Krogstad and care for his children. References Ibsen, Henrik, Rolf Fjelde, CalistaFlockhart, Tony Abatemarco, Tim DeKay, Jeannie Elias, Gregory Itzin, JoBeth Williams, Rosalind Ayres, and Susan A. Loewenberg.  A Doll House. Venice, Calif.: L.A. Theatre Works, 2012. Internet resource. Source document

Behaviors of Domestic Cats

Cats have been kept as domestic pets since ancient times. They are known as loyal, finicky and independent creatures. Their behaviors can tell us whether they have a physical ailment, are upset or worried or are happy and contented. (Catsinfo. com) When a cat rubs up against someone, they are showing ownership of that person and marking them as such. Cats can be quite finicky as to who they like and can even choose to ignore someone if they decide they do not like them. (Budiansky, 2002) A cat is naturally inclined to claw things such as furniture, drapes or rugs.Many people have their cats declawed to prevent damage to these objects. While this was commonplace for many years, it is now becoming something of a controversy. Animal rights activists and many cat owners are comparing the procedure to amputation and vehemently oppose the practice. With time and effort, cats can be trained to use a scratching post. One problem for cat owners is the hazard that most house plants present to the cats. In the wild, cats eat grass to help with fur in their stomach. Many common house plants can be poisonous to cats if ingested.Hanging plants are not always safe since cats will climb furniture to reach them. Some owners have found that growning a small patch of grass in a container will keep the cats happy enough to leave the other plants alone. Many indoor cats use a litter box instead of the outdoors. In the wild, cats bury their feces to keep predators from scenting them. This behavior continues indoors as well. Cats are naturally clean animals and like the litter box to be clean as well. One of the main issues for cat owners is urination in an area other than the litter box.There can be many causes for this behavior and it is trial and error until the problem is resolved. Finding the right litter box and type of litter can also be trial and error as some cats prefer one thing, some another. One reason for a cat to refuse to use the litter box is that it is not clean. If the litter box is clean, it may be a physical ailment such as a bladder infection or urinary tract infection. Any ailments should be treated by a veterinarian. A cat may show it is upset by urination outside the litter box as well.Cats can be upset by any number of things such as changes in habitat, additions of new pets to the family or other changes. Watching a cat’s tail can be a good indication of the cat’s mood. A tail that is erect and held high indicates a friendly mood. A tail that is laying down and twitching usually indicates the cat is pensive or irritable. A tail held high and fluffed out is a good indicator that the cat will attack if provoked. (xmission, 2007) Cats show affection in several ways. Purring is the most commonly recognized behavior of a friendly, content cat.A cat will purr when happy, many times while being petted. Cats will also rub against a person to show friendliness and also to mark the person as their. Cats have scent glands all over their bodies that enable them to mark their territory. property This is another behavior taken from the wild where they mark their territory against other animals invading it. Butting their heads against a person is another way of showing affection. Urinary spray is also a way for them to mark their territory but having them spayed or neutered at around six months of age will stop this behavior.Cats are natural hunters and will stalk birds, small animals and toys. It is their instinct to hunt that causes them to pounce on toys and bat them around. Cats are good hunters and quite fast at times. Many farms keep cats as mousers in the barn and home. Cats will chase small toys or laser lights. This is the hunting instinct in them causing this behavior as cats are attracted by movement. Cats have a tendency to show attention to people who do not care for cats when they visit. This is due to a behavior in the wild that indicates submissivness.Cats will look directly at another cat and sho w aggression if protecting territory or young. A cat who refuses to look directly at another cat or seems to ignore it is showing submission to the other cat. It is the same behavior in people who do not care for cats, they tend to look away or try to ignore the cat. This is an invitation to the cat to show dominance. A cat that is injured or in pain will tend to hide itself in a dark area. This is a behavior that often saves their lives in the wild. Injured or weak animals often become food for predators so hiding is a natural instinct.Cats will often do the same thing indoors when hurt. It is important to remember that any injured or pained animal will strike out if frightened and extra care should be taken when attempting to extricate the cat from its hiding place. (xmission, 2007) Cats make wonderful pets and are relatively low maintantence due to their independent nature. They do not require constant attention or reassurance. They can be trained to overcome inappropriate behavi or and are extremely affectionate when it suits them. Whether the cat is an indoor cat or an outdoor cat, the behaviors tend to be the same.Instinct plays a large part in cat behavior and knowing these behaviors can lead to a satisfactory cat and owner relationship. Works Cited Budiansky, Stephen. â€Å"The Character of Cats: The Mystery Is Not Why They're So Antisocial but Why They're Social at All. † The Atlantic Monthly June 2002: 75+. Questia. 26 Sept. 2007 . http://www. catsinfo. com Moore, Glenda. â€Å"Catstuff† Retrieved September 24, 2007 from http://www. xmission. com/emailbox/whycat. htm